{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T05:18:42Z","timestamp":1787635122446,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787616000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The rising reports of drug resistance in\n                      <jats:italic>Trypanosoma cruzi<\/jats:italic>\n                      strains and the high toxicity of current treatments necessitate the exploration of therapeutic alternatives for Chagas disease (ChD). This study evaluated the efficacy of combining benznidazole (BZN) with electrolyzed oxidizing water (EOW) to assess its impact on clinical parameters, immune response, and tissue integrity.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Forty female BALB\/c mice were infected intraperitoneally with 150 blood trypomastigotes of the\n                      <jats:italic>T. cruzi<\/jats:italic>\n                      H8 strain. Subjects were divided into eight experimental groups across two independent trials. We monitored parasitemia, weight fluctuations, and survival. Humoral response (IgG and subclasses) and cellular profiles (pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines) were determined via ELISA and flow cytometry, respectively. Histopathological and anatomopathological assessments of target organs were conducted at necropsy.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The BZN+EOW regimen achieved a 99.2% reduction in parasitemia and a 100% survival rate. Although the combination did not statistically surpass BZN monotherapy in absolute parasite clearance, it promoted significant clinical recovery, with weight gain exceeding 50% compared to the untreated infected group. Immunologically, the combination triggered a robust Th1-type immune profile response during the acute phase (40 dpi). By 365 dpi, this response shifted toward a more counterbalanced Th1\/Th2 immune microenvironment, correlating with minimal and non-severe histopathological alterations in cardiac and skeletal tissues.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These findings suggest that BZN+EOW therapy preserved the trypanocidal efficacy observed with the monotherapy, yet it presented the added advantage of subtly refining the inflammatory landscape in the chronic phase. This balanced immune response could help prevent severe chronic tissue damage, offering a promising adjunct approach to improve the prognosis for ChD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1872285","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T04:23:07Z","timestamp":1787631787000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Combined treatment of benznidazole with an electrolyzed oxidizing water against Trypanosoma cruzi on immunological and anatomopathological features in a murine model of Chagas disease"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Olivia","family":"Rodr\u00edguez-Morales","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Proteomics, Department of Molecular Biology, Instituto Nacional de Cardiolog\u00eda Ignacio Ch\u00e1vez","place":["Mexico City, Mexico"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alberto","family":"Aranda-Fraustro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Instituto Nacional de Cardiolog\u00eda Ignacio Ch\u00e1vez","place":["Mexico City, Mexico"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Luis","family":"Rosales-Encina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Department of Infectomics and Molecular Pathogenesis, Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional","place":["Mexico City, Mexico"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","volume-title":"Chagas Disease (American Trypanosomiasis)","year":"2024"},{"key":"B2","article-title":"Chagas, una enfermedad olvidada: descubrimiento \u00fanico en la medicina tropical y un problema actual de salud global","volume":"5","author":"Rubio-Ortiz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomol"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2022.105239","article-title":"Trypanosoma cruzi, beyond the dogma of non-infection in birds","volume":"99","author":"Mart\u00ednez-Hern\u00e1ndez","year":"2022","journal-title":"Infect Genet Evol"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2806.220079","article-title":"Lizards as silent hosts of Trypanosoma cruzi","volume":"28","author":"Botto-Mahan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eimc.2020.04.011","article-title":"Trypanocidal treatment of Chagas disease","volume":"39","author":"P\u00e9rez-Molina","year":"2021","journal-title":"Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eimc.2015.12.008","article-title":"Actualizaci\u00f3n en enfermedad de Chagas","volume":"34","author":"Molina","year":"2016","journal-title":"Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens9110974","article-title":"Electrolyzed oxidizing water modulates immune response in mice infected with Trypanosoma cruzi","volume":"9","author":"Rodr\u00edguez-Morales","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics15051479","article-title":"Effectiveness of nitazoxanide and electrolyzed oxidizing water in Chagas disease in a canine model","volume":"15","author":"Rodr\u00edguez-Morales","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pharmaceutics"},{"key":"B9","article-title":"Soluciones electrolizadas de superoxidaci\u00f3n con pH neutro: un antis\u00e9ptico eficaz","volume-title":"Odontog\u00e9nesis","author":"Mill\u00e1n Aguilar","year":"2023"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.22201\/fesz.23958723e.2023.549","article-title":"Tendencias recientes en aplicaciones de agua electrolizada","volume":"26","author":"Su\u00e1rez-Z\u00fa\u00f1iga","year":"2023","journal-title":"TIP"},{"key":"B11","article-title":"Use of an electrolyzed superoxidation solution to disinfect ventilation masks","volume":"81","author":"Toral-Freyre","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neumol Cir Torax"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9010136","article-title":"New clinical applications of electrolyzed water: a review","volume":"9","author":"Yan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/w5042094","article-title":"Physico-chemical, biological and therapeutic characteristics of electrolyzed reduced alkaline water","volume":"5","author":"Henry","year":"2013","journal-title":"Water"},{"key":"B14","article-title":"Norma Oficial Mexicana NOM-062-Z00-1999. 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