{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T07:16:03Z","timestamp":1788419763032,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788393600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Type 2 inflammatory diseases are often grouped together as a single immunological entity, driven by shared cytokines and overlapping pathways. This framework has led to the development of biologic therapies targeting upstream epithelial-derived \u201calarmins\u201d, including thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), interleukin (IL)-33, and interleukin (IL)-25. These mediators promote downstream cytokine responses, most notably IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13, which orchestrate type 2 inflammation across multiple tissues. Despite these shared molecular features, type 2-associated diseases exhibit substantial clinical heterogeneity and variable responses to targeted therapies. A notable example is TSLP blockade, which has shown significant clinical efficacy in asthma but failed to demonstrate similar benefit in atopic dermatitis. From a clinical immunology perspective, we explore the complexity of type 2 inflammation. We discuss the dual pro- and anti-inflammatory roles of TSLP isoforms (long form and short form), the contribution of compensatory inflammatory pathways, and the impact of the tissue microenvironment on disease-specific immune responses. These factors may underlie divergent therapeutic outcomes despite targeting a shared upstream mediator. A better understanding of this complexity may help explain the limitations of a linear, cytokine-centered model of type 2 inflammation and support the development of more precise therapeutic strategies, including targeting shared downstream signaling components and combination approaches.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1872479","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T06:42:54Z","timestamp":1788417774000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Exploring type 2 inflammation and disease complexity: perspectives of a clinical immunologist"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Yuval","family":"Tal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Allergy and Clinical Immunology Unit, Department of Medicine, Hadassah, University Medical Center","place":["Jerusalem, Israel"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Limor","family":"Rubin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Allergy and Clinical Immunology Unit, Department of Medicine, Hadassah, University Medical Center","place":["Jerusalem, Israel"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ariel","family":"Munitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Tel Aviv University","place":["Tel Aviv, Israel"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irit","family":"Adini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Center for Engineering in Medicine and Surgery, Harvard Medical School","place":["Boston, MA, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/23120541.00576-2021","article-title":"Type 2 inflammation in asthma and other airway diseases","volume":"8","author":"Maspero","year":"2022","journal-title":"Erj Open Res"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11071105","article-title":"The role of airway epithelial cell alarmins in asthma","volume":"11","author":"Whetstone","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-022-00735-y","article-title":"Role of thymic stromal lymphopoietin in allergy and beyond","volume":"23","author":"Ebina-Shibuya","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/b978-0-12-404717-4.00004-4","article-title":"The biology of thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP)","volume":"66","author":"Ziegler","year":"2013","journal-title":"Adv Pharmacol"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1699-0463.1986.tb02114.x","article-title":"Revaccination of adults against diphtheria. I: Responses and reactions to different doses of diphtheria toxoid in 30-70-year-old persons with low serum antitoxin levels","volume":"94","author":"Simonsen","year":"1986","journal-title":"Acta Pathol Microbiol Immunol Scand C"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ni1247","article-title":"Thymic stromal lymphopoietin as a key initiator of allergic airway inflammation in mice","volume":"6","author":"Zhou","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20051135","article-title":"TSLP-activated dendritic cells induce an inflammatory T helper type 2 cell response through OX40 ligand","volume":"202","author":"Ito","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201041195","article-title":"TSLP enhances the function of helper type 2 cells","volume":"41","author":"Kitajima","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ni1452","article-title":"Local increase in thymic stromal lymphopoietin induces systemic alterations in B cell development","volume":"8","author":"Astrakhan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170ra16","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.190.supp.114.21","article-title":"TSLP elicits IL-33-independent innate lymphoid cell responses to promote skin inflammation","volume":"5","author":"Kim","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coph.2012.06.001","article-title":"Innate type 2 cells and asthma","volume":"12","author":"Hams","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr Opin Pharmacol"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scisignal.adg6360","article-title":"TSLP shapes the pathogenic responses of memory CD4(+) T cells in eosinophilic esophagitis","volume":"16","author":"Rochman","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci Signal"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00260-2020","article-title":"Anti-alarmins in asthma: targeting the airway epithelium with next-generation biologics","volume":"56","author":"Porsbjerg","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2023.110559","article-title":"Hypoxia induces the production of epithelial-derived cytokines in eosinophilic chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps","volume":"121","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1038\/d41573-022-00013-5","article-title":"FDA approves first-in-class TSLP-targeted antibody for severe asthma","volume":"21","author":"Mullard","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Rev Drug Discov"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(25)01625-3","article-title":"Anti-cytokine biologics for asthma in adults","volume":"406","author":"Israel","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202210-2005oc","article-title":"Efficacy of Tezepelumab in severe, uncontrolled asthma: pooled analysis of the PATHWAY and NAVIGATOR clinical trials","volume":"208","author":"Corren","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdermsci.2012.03.007","article-title":"Long TSLP transcript expression and release of TSLP induced by TLR ligands and cytokines in human keratinocytes","volume":"66","author":"Xie","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Dermatol Sci"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2024.10.031","article-title":"Phase 2b randomized clinical trial of amlitelimab, an anti-OX40 ligand antibody, in patients with moderate-to-severe atopic dermatitis","volume":"155","author":"Weidinger","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ni805","article-title":"Human epithelial cells trigger dendritic cell mediated allergic inflammation by producing TSLP","volume":"3","author":"Soumelis","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2008-0041oc","article-title":"Functional analysis of the thymic stromal lymphopoietin variants in human bronchial epithelial cells","volume":"40","author":"Harada","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1038\/mi.2014.41","article-title":"The short form of TSLP is constitutively translated in human keratinocytes and has characteristics of an antimicrobial peptide","volume":"8","author":"Bjerkan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/jci124606","article-title":"Epithelial cell-derived cytokines: more than just signaling the alarm","volume":"129","author":"Roan","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241612725","article-title":"Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), its isoforms and the interplay with the epithelium in allergy and asthma","volume":"24","author":"Smolinska","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-628045\/v1","article-title":"Short isoform thymic stromal lymphopoietin reduces inflammation and aerobic glycolysis of asthmatic airway epithelium by antagonizing long isoform thymic stromal lymphopoietin","volume":"23","author":"Yu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Respir Res"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2015.04.011","article-title":"Dichotomy of short and long thymic stromal lymphopoietin isoforms in inflammatory disorders of the bowel and skin","volume":"136","author":"Fornasa","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmgh.2017.01.005","article-title":"Thymic stromal lymphopoietin: To cut a long story short","volume":"3","author":"Tsilingiri","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/nejmoa2034975","article-title":"Tezepelumab in adults and adolescents with severe, uncontrolled asthma","volume":"384","author":"Menzies-Gow","year":"2021","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.203515","article-title":"Cytokine antibody array-based analysis of IL-37 treatment effects in asthma","volume":"13","author":"Gao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Aging (Albany Ny)"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/all.14769","article-title":"Skewed inflammation is associated with aberrant interleukin-37 signaling pathway in atopic dermatitis","volume":"76","author":"Hou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02770903.2020.1862185","article-title":"Allergic-like disorders and asthma in patients with common variable immunodeficiency: a multi-center experience","volume":"59","author":"Rubin","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Asthma"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2675","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms3675","article-title":"Thymic stromal lymphopoietin induces corticosteroid resistance in natural helper cells during airway inflammation","volume":"4","author":"Kabata","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4703","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-32196-1","article-title":"Context-dependent function of TSLP and IL-1beta in skin allergic sensitization and atopic march","volume":"13","author":"Segaud","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"898","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2016.02.033","article-title":"IL-1beta enhances inflammatory TH2 differentiation","volume":"138","author":"Caucheteux","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2013.11.010","article-title":"The interleukin-1 family: back to the future","volume":"39","author":"Garlanda","year":"2013","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0801898105","article-title":"IL-33 exacerbates antigen-induced arthritis by activating mast cells","volume":"105","author":"Xu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.02601","article-title":"The pleiotropic immunomodulatory functions of IL-33 and its implications in tumor immunity","volume":"9","author":"Afferni","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1410700111","article-title":"Central domain of IL-33 is cleaved by mast cell proteases for potent activation of group-2 innate lymphoid cells","volume":"111","author":"Lefrancais","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2013.02.003","article-title":"Necroptosis: the release of damage-associated molecular patterns and its physiological relevance","volume":"38","author":"Kaczmarek","year":"2013","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2015.06.006","article-title":"Interleukin-33 in tissue homeostasis, injury, and inflammation","volume":"42","author":"Molofsky","year":"2015","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri.2016.95","article-title":"Interleukin-33 in health and disease","volume":"16","author":"Liew","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/all.15127","article-title":"Tissue eosinophils express the IL-33 receptor ST2 and type 2 cytokines in patients with eosinophilic esophagitis","volume":"77","author":"Uchida","year":"2022","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1307321110","article-title":"Skin-specific expression of IL-33 activates group 2 innate lymphoid cells and elicits atopic dermatitis-like inflammation in mice","volume":"110","author":"Imai","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0968-0004(92)90005-t","article-title":"G proteins","volume":"17","author":"Hepler","year":"1992","journal-title":"Trends Biochem Sci"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2024.01.017","article-title":"Epithelial overexpression of IL-33 induces eosinophilic esophagitis dependent on IL-13","volume":"153","author":"Masuda","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/jci63802","article-title":"IL-33-dependent induction of allergic lung inflammation by FcgammaRIII signaling","volume":"123","author":"Tjota","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2022.10.009","article-title":"IL-33 antagonism does not improve chronic atopic dermatitis: What can we learn","volume":"150","author":"Schuler","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.01907","article-title":"Research progress in atopic march","volume":"11","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2310\/7480.2005.00016","article-title":"Relationship between asthma and rhinitis: epidemiologic, pathophysiologic, and therapeutic aspects","volume":"1","author":"Bergeron","year":"2005","journal-title":"Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20080452","article-title":"Tuning sensitivity to IL-4 and IL-13: differential expression of IL-4Ralpha, IL-13Ralpha1, and gammac regulates relative cytokine sensitivity","volume":"205","author":"Junttila","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0802465105","article-title":"Distinct roles for IL-13 and IL-4 via IL-13 receptor alpha1 and the type II IL-4 receptor in asthma pathogenesis","volume":"105","author":"Munitz","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1332","article-title":"IL-13 signaling through the IL-13alpha2 receptor is involved in induction of TGF-beta1 production and fibrosis","volume":"12","author":"Fichtner-","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/b978-012498340-3\/50014-2","article-title":"X-SCID B cell responses to interleukin-4 and interleukin-13 are mediated by a receptor complex that includes the interleukin-4 receptor alpha chain (p140) but not the gamma c chain","volume":"27","author":"Matthews","year":"1997","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0165-2478(97)85416-8","article-title":"Cloning of the human IL-13R alpha1 chain and reconstitution with the IL4R alpha of a functional IL-4\/IL-13 receptor complex","volume":"401","author":"Miloux","year":"1997","journal-title":"FEBS Lett"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.180.1.522","article-title":"IL-13 receptor alpha2 selectively inhibits IL-13-induced responses in the murine lung","volume":"180","author":"Zheng","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2006.09.039","article-title":"Allergen-dependent solubilization of IL-13 receptor alpha2 reveals a novel mechanism to regulate allergy","volume":"119","author":"Daines","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2008.08.055","article-title":"IL-13 signaling via IL-13R alpha2 induces major downstream fibrogenic factors mediating fibrosis in chronic TNBS colitis","volume":"135","author":"Fichtner-","year":"2008","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.167.3.1683","article-title":"IL-13 induces airways hyperreactivity independently of the IL-4R alpha chain in the allergic lung","volume":"167","author":"Mattes","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2013.03.051","article-title":"Dose-ranging study of lebrikizumab in asthmatic patients not receiving inhaled steroids","volume":"132","author":"Noonan","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/nejmoa2206714","article-title":"Two phase 3 trials of lebrikizumab for moderate-to-severe atopic dermatitis","volume":"388","author":"Silverberg","year":"2023","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1004159","article-title":"IL-13 receptor alpha1 differentially regulates aeroallergen-induced lung responses","volume":"187","author":"Rothenberg","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.aaw2938","article-title":"A key role for IL-13 signaling via the type 2 IL-4 receptor in experimental atopic dermatitis","volume":"5","author":"Bitton","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Immunol"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/all.15510","article-title":"Epithelial cell-expressed type II IL-4 receptor mediates eosinophilic esophagitis","volume":"78","author":"Avlas","year":"2023","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/nejmoa2313318","article-title":"Eosinophil depletion with benralizumab for eosinophilic esophagitis","volume":"390","author":"Rothenberg","year":"2024","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.845324","article-title":"Age-related increase of collagen\/fibrin deposition and high PAI-1 production in human nasal polyps","volume":"13","author":"Jo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.4168\/aair.2017.9.4.299","article-title":"Emerging endotypes of chronic rhinosinusitis and its application to precision medicine","volume":"9","author":"Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Allergy Asthma Immunol Res"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3786","article-title":"Type 2 inflammation in asthma--present in most, absent in many","volume":"15","author":"Fahy","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781444346688.ch8","article-title":"Eosinophils in health and disease: the LIAR hypothesis","volume":"40","author":"Lee","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Exp Allergy"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/jci69404","article-title":"Melanocyte-secreted fibromodulin promotes an angiogenic microenvironment","volume":"124","author":"Adini","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2020.108481","article-title":"Racial disparity in Covid-19 mortality rates - a plausible explanation","volume":"217","author":"Tal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Immunol"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.1044933","article-title":"Dominant-negative signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)3 variants in adult patients: a single center experience","volume":"13","author":"Shamriz","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14740338.2024.2326480","article-title":"Dupilumab in real-life settings: a review of adverse events and their pathogenesis","volume":"23","author":"Camela","year":"2024","journal-title":"Expert Opin Drug Saf"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/pai.13770","article-title":"Remission of eczema and recovery of Th1 polarization following treatment with dupilumab in STAT3 hyper IgE syndrome","volume":"33","author":"Matucci-Cerinic","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pediatr Allergy Immunol"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm13111594","article-title":"Combination of biological therapy in severe asthma: where we are","volume":"13","author":"Carriera","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Pers Med"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2340\/00015555-3140","article-title":"Combining omalizumab with another biotherapy","volume":"99","author":"Fougerousse","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Derm Venereol"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cts.13864","article-title":"A first-in-human, single and multiple dose study of lunsekimig, a novel anti-TSLP\/anti-IL-13 NANOBODY(R) compound, in healthy volunteers","volume":"17","author":"Deiteren","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin Transl Sci"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacig.2023.100195","article-title":"Phase 2b randomized trial of OX40 inhibitor telazorlimab for moderate-to-severe atopic dermatitis","volume":"3","author":"Rewerska","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol Glob"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Immunology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1872479\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T06:42:55Z","timestamp":1788417775000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1872479\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]]},"references-count":77,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1872479"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1872479","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-3224"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-3224","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]]},"article-number":"1872479"}}