{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T05:15:33Z","timestamp":1783574133865,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":177,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783555200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Rationale<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The emergence of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) and limitations of current antibiotic therapies highlight the urgent need for novel treatment strategies. While immunotherapy has revolutionized cancer treatment, its potential in TB remains underexplored, with existing reviews focusing narrowly on vaccines and phage therapy. A comprehensive synthesis of TB immunotherapy advancements is critical to guide clinical translation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Content<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Tuberculosis (TB) has been recognized as one of the earliest diseases treated with immunotherapy. The BCG vaccine played a crucial role in controlling TB epidemics for a long period. However, progress in TB immunotherapy stagnated due to the attenuation of BCG strains and the long-standing neglect in TB immunology research. In recent years, advances in TB and immunology research, including novel immunological theories such as trained immunity, alongside breakthroughs in various immunotherapies for cancer treatment, have provided new perspectives for TB treatment. This review summarizes the immune response to TB, including roles of macrophages, T cells, and nonclassical immune cells. It evaluates progress in cell therapy, antibody therapy, microbial therapy, vaccines, and cytokine therapy. Clinical trials, mechanisms, and challenges (e.g., immune exhaustion, antigen heterogeneity) of TB immunotherapy are analyzed, drawing parallels with cancer immunotherapy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Immunotherapy offers multifaceted strategies to overcome\n                      <jats:italic>Mtb<\/jats:italic>\n                      drug resistance and reduce side effects. Key directions include identifying novel antigens, optimizing immune checkpoint modulation, and combining therapies. Advances in single-cell sequencing and bioengineering will accelerate development, making immunotherapy a promising adjunct to conventional TB treatment.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1873405","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T04:23:25Z","timestamp":1783571005000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Immunotherapy for tuberculosis: emerging modalities, cross-disciplinary innovations, and roadmaps for drug-resistant disease"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Junchi","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of clinical laboratory, The Affiliated Infectious Diseases Hospital, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University","place":["Suzhou, Jiangsu, China"]},{"name":"Department of clinical laboratory, The Fifth People\u2019s Hospital of Suzhou","place":["Suzhou, Jiangsu, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"JunHeng","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of clinical laboratory, Suzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicinel","place":["Suzhou, Jiangsu, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sufang","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of clinical laboratory, The Affiliated Infectious Diseases Hospital, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University","place":["Suzhou, Jiangsu, China"]},{"name":"Department of clinical laboratory, The Fifth People\u2019s Hospital of Suzhou","place":["Suzhou, Jiangsu, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of clinical Laboratory, Children\u2019s Hospital of Soochow University","place":["Suzhou, Jiangsu, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuanmiao","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of clinical Laboratory, Xi\u2019an Daxing Hospital","place":["Xi\u2019an, Shaanxi, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fei","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Gusu School, Nanjing Medical University","place":["Suzhou, Jiangsu, China"]},{"name":"Suzhou Key Laboratory of Intelligent Critical Illness Biomarkers Translational Research","place":["Suzhou, Jiangsu, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianping","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of clinical laboratory, The Affiliated Infectious Diseases Hospital, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University","place":["Suzhou, Jiangsu, China"]},{"name":"Department of clinical laboratory, The Fifth People\u2019s Hospital of Suzhou","place":["Suzhou, Jiangsu, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/0118756921381395250614152438","article-title":"Reimagining tuberculosis treatment: The promise of immunotherapy and drug repurposing","volume":"22","author":"Sonali","year":"2025","journal-title":"Curr Pharmacogenomics Pers Med"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.117594","article-title":"Tuberculosis vaccine: A journey from BCG to present","volume":"252","author":"Fatima","year":"2020","journal-title":"Life Sci"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-021-01698-3","article-title":"Adjunctive interleukin-2 for the treatment of drug-susceptible tuberculosis: A randomized control trial in China","volume":"50","author":"Nie","year":"2022","journal-title":"Infection"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2024.107325","article-title":"Insights from the 2024 WHO Global Tuberculosis Report - more comprehensive action, innovation, and investments required for achieving WHO End TB goals","volume":"150","author":"Goletti","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(24)02479-6","article-title":"Tuberculosis","volume":"405","author":"Trajman","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1186\/s40779-025-00655-7","article-title":"Immunotherapy for tuberculosis: Current strategies and future directions","volume":"12","author":"Lyu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mil Med Res"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.ado5951","article-title":"Immunopathology in human tuberculosis","volume":"9","author":"Scriba","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci Immunol"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1007\/s11274-023-03735-9","article-title":"Mycobacterium tuberculosis and its clever approaches to escape the deadly macrophage","volume":"39","author":"Krishnan","year":"2023","journal-title":"World J Microbiol Biotechnol"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/ijmy.ijmy_186_21","article-title":"The role of interferon-gamma and interferon-gamma receptor in tuberculosis and nontuberculous mycobacterial infections","volume":"10","author":"Ghanavi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Mycobacteriol"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-024-01608-x","article-title":"Autophagy promotes efficient T cell responses to restrict high-dose Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in mice","volume":"9","author":"Feng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Microbiol"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4342","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-83835-4","article-title":"Lysosome repositioning as an autophagy escape mechanism by Mycobacterium tuberculosis Beijing strain","volume":"11","author":"Laopanupong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.1079569","article-title":"Tuberculosis: The success tale of less explored dormant Mycobacterium tuberculosis","volume":"12","author":"Verma","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202305592","article-title":"Single-cell sequencing reveals functional alterations in tuberculosis","volume":"11","author":"Lyu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv Sci (Weinh)"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-093019-125148","article-title":"The tuberculous granuloma and preexisting immunity","volume":"40","author":"Cohen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Annu Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2024.08.002","article-title":"CD4(+) T cells re-wire granuloma cellularity and regulatory networks to promote immunomodulation following Mtb reinfection","volume":"57","author":"Bromley","year":"2024","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e142014","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI142014","article-title":"Tissue-resident-like CD4+ T cells secreting IL-17 control Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the human lung","volume":"131","author":"Ogongo","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/ijmy.ijmy_245_21","article-title":"Changes of th1 and th2 cytokines levels among Sudanese tuberculosis patients during treatment","volume":"11","author":"Abdul-Aziz","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Mycobacteriol"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tube.2024.102567","article-title":"Tuberculosis and T cells: Impact of T cell diversity in tuberculosis infection","volume":"149","author":"Vats","year":"2024","journal-title":"Tuberculosis (Edinb)"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.00297-24","article-title":"Polycytotoxic T cells mediate antimicrobial activity against intracellular Mycobacterium tuberculosis","volume":"93","author":"Zumwinkel","year":"2024","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2021.109696","article-title":"CD4 T cell help prevents CD8 T cell exhaustion and promotes control of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection","volume":"36","author":"Lu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smim.2020.101431","article-title":"Key recent advances in TB vaccine development and understanding of protective immune responses against Mycobacterium tuberculosis","volume":"50","author":"Scriba","year":"2020","journal-title":"Semin Immunol"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mucimm.2024.05.007","article-title":"Metabolically active neutrophils represent a permissive niche for Mycobacterium tuberculosis","volume":"17","author":"Andrews","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1012188","article-title":"Fatty acid metabolism in neutrophils promotes lung damage and bacterial replication during tuberculosis","volume":"20","author":"Sankar","year":"2024","journal-title":"PloS Pathog"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2024.106359","article-title":"Monocyte transcriptome signatures of inflammation and enhanced neutrophil recruitment characterize immunopathology in the blood of tuberculosis patients","volume":"89","author":"Ahor","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Infect"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/CS20150021","article-title":"Diverging biological roles among human monocyte subsets in the context of tuberculosis infection","volume":"129","author":"Balboa","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Sci (Lond)"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1111\/cei.13565","article-title":"Immunological basis of early clearance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection: The role of natural killer cells","volume":"204","author":"Abebe","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1430955","article-title":"Antibodies as key mediators of protection against Mycobacterium tuberculosis","volume":"15","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-023-01476-3","article-title":"Antigen-specific B cells direct T follicular-like helper cells into lymphoid follicles to mediate Mycobacterium tuberculosis control","volume":"24","author":"Swanson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.830482","article-title":"Leveraging antibody, B cell and Fc receptor interactions to understand heterogeneous immune responses in tuberculosis","volume":"13","author":"Carpenter","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14412","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232214412","article-title":"MR1- and HLA-E-dependent antigen presentation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis","volume":"23","author":"Kim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00011-024-01864-x","article-title":"Recognition of Mycobacterium tuberculosis by macrophage Toll-like receptor and its role in autophagy","volume":"73","author":"Wei","year":"2024","journal-title":"Inflammation Res"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00524-20","article-title":"Efficient 5-OP-RU-induced enrichment of mucosa-associated invariant T cells in the murine lung does not enhance control of aerosol Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection","volume":"89","author":"Vorkas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2021.104381","article-title":"The frequency and dynamics of CD4(+) mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells in active pulmonary tuberculosis","volume":"365","author":"Xiong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Immunol"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1111\/imm.13834","article-title":"Peripheral blood MR1 tetramer-positive mucosal-associated invariant T-cell function is modulated by mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 in patients with active tuberculosis","volume":"173","author":"Zhou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9030743","article-title":"Revisiting the interaction of \u03b3\u03b4 T-cells and B-cells","volume":"9","author":"Rampoldi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1186\/s11658-024-00585-7","article-title":"Analysis of the components of Mycobacterium tuberculosis heat-resistant antigen (Mtb-HAg) and its regulation of \u03b3\u03b4 T-cell function","volume":"29","author":"Wei","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Mol Biol Lett"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2022.110715","article-title":"ILC precursors differentiate into metabolically distinct ILC1-like cells during Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection","volume":"39","author":"Corral","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1276-2","article-title":"Group 3 innate lymphoid cells mediate early protective immunity against tuberculosis","volume":"570","author":"Ardain","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.03299-23","article-title":"Lung type 3 innate lymphoid cells respond early following Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection","volume":"15","author":"Das","year":"2024","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.02.046","article-title":"A non-canonical type 2 immune response coordinates tuberculous granuloma formation and epithelialization","volume":"184","author":"Cronan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08830185.2025.2490233","article-title":"Innate lymphoid cells, immune functional dynamics, epithelial parallels, and therapeutic frontiers in infections","volume":"4","author":"Nouari","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.594376","article-title":"PMN-MDSC frequency discriminates active versus latent tuberculosis and could play a role in counteracting the immune-mediated lung damage in active disease","volume":"12","author":"Grassi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1817-8","article-title":"Prevention of tuberculosis in macaques after intravenous BCG immunization","volume":"577","author":"Darrah","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.3390\/biom14020225","article-title":"From host defense to metabolic signatures: Unveiling the role of \u03b3\u03b4 T cells in bacterial infections","volume":"14","author":"Nanda","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.756495","article-title":"Allogeneic V\u03b39V\u03b42 T-cell therapy promotes pulmonary lesion repair: An open-label, single-arm pilot study in patients with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis","volume":"12","author":"Liang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.891878","article-title":"Pathological and protective roles of dendritic cells in Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection: Interaction between host immune responses and pathogen evasion","volume":"12","author":"Kim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/2943113","article-title":"Autologous cytokine-induced killer cell immunotherapy enhances chemotherapy efficacy against multidrug-resistant tuberculosis","volume":"2022","author":"Tang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Immunol Res"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2318003121","article-title":"An HLA-E-targeted TCR bispecific molecule redirects T cell immunity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis","volume":"121","author":"Paterson","year":"2024","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1038\/s41408-021-00459-7","article-title":"CAR-T cell therapy: current limitations and potential strategies","volume":"11","author":"Sterner","year":"2021","journal-title":"Blood Cancer J"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1910607","article-title":"Use of CAR-transduced natural killer cells in CD19-positive lymphoid tumors","volume":"382","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41587-020-0462-y","article-title":"Human chimeric antigen receptor macrophages for cancer immunotherapy","volume":"38","author":"Klichinsky","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Biotechnol"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2024.109233","article-title":"Mtb HLA-E-tetramer-sorted CD8(+) T cells have a diverse TCR repertoire","volume":"27","author":"Voogd","year":"2024","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.3390\/cells13040293","article-title":"Integrated analysis of single-cell and bulk RNA sequencing data reveals memory-like NK cell subset associated with Mycobacterium tuberculosis latency","volume":"13","author":"Shekarkar Azgomi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s44321-024-00106-1","article-title":"LILRB1-HLA-G axis defines a checkpoint driving natural killer cell exhaustion in tuberculosis","volume":"16","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"EMBO Mol Med"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2024.156820","article-title":"NK cell-derived exosomes inhibit survival of Mycobacterium tuberculosis by promoting apoptosis in mice","volume":"185","author":"Dai","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2828","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines10112828","article-title":"Immunologic role of innate lymphoid cells against Mycobacterial tuberculosis infection","volume":"10","author":"Narinyan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens11010087","article-title":"Multi-dimensionality immunophenotyping analyses of MAIT cells expressing Th1\/Th17 cytokines and cytotoxic markers in latent tuberculosis diabetes comorbidity","volume":"11","author":"Kathamuthu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.03865-21","article-title":"Augmentation of the riboflavin-biosynthetic pathway enhances mucosa-associated invariant T (MAIT) cell activation and diminishes Mycobacterium tuberculosis virulence","volume":"13","author":"Dey","year":"2021","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.02107","article-title":"Harnessing unconventional T cells for immunotherapy of tuberculosis","volume":"11","author":"La Manna","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/cm9.0000000000003095","article-title":"Single-cell RNA sequencing in tuberculosis: application and future perspectives","volume":"138","author":"Zhan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chin Med J (Engl)"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.02942-24","article-title":"Isolation and characterization of a protective monoclonal antibody targeting outer membrane protein (OmpA) against tuberculosis","volume":"13","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Microbiol Spectr"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.2009.03967.x","article-title":"The protective role of antibody responses during Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection","volume":"157","author":"Abebe","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2005.12.004","article-title":"Passive serum therapy with polyclonal antibodies against Mycobacterium tuberculosis protects against post-chemotherapy relapse of tuberculosis infection in SCID mice","volume":"8","author":"Guirado","year":"2006","journal-title":"Microbes Infect"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/femspd\/ftx118","article-title":"A significant therapeutic effect of immunoglobulins administered alone, or in combination with conventional chemotherapy, in experimental pulmonary tuberculosis caused by drug-sensitive or drug-resistant strains","volume":"75","author":"Olivares","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pathog Dis"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2024.111568","article-title":"A subunit vaccine Ag85A-LpqH focusing on humoral immunity provides substantial protection against tuberculosis in mice","volume":"28","author":"Zeng","year":"2025","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2016.08.072","article-title":"A functional role for antibodies in tuberculosis","volume":"167","author":"Lu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2025.05.004","article-title":"Antibody-Fab and -Fc features promote Mycobacterium tuberculosis restriction","volume":"58","author":"Grace","year":"2025","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15252\/emmm.201606330","article-title":"Human isotype-dependent inhibitory antibody responses against Mycobacterium tuberculosis","volume":"8","author":"Zimmermann","year":"2016","journal-title":"EMBO Mol Med"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2023.104897","article-title":"Mucosal and systemic antigen-specific antibody responses correlate with protection against active tuberculosis in nonhuman primates","volume":"99","author":"Ishida","year":"2024","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiz643","article-title":"Antibody Fc glycosylation discriminates between latent and active tuberculosis","volume":"222","author":"Lu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"210218","DOI":"10.1183\/16000617.0218-2021","article-title":"The role of antibodies in tuberculosis diagnosis, prophylaxis and therapy: a review from the ESGMYC study group","volume":"31","author":"Melkie","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur Respir Rev"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-021-01066-1","article-title":"Robust IgM responses following intravenous vaccination with Bacille Calmette-Guerin associate with prevention of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in macaques","volume":"22","author":"Irvine","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-20930-0","article-title":"Human antibodies targeting a Mycobacterium transporter protein mediate protection against tuberculosis","volume":"12","author":"Watson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.582833","article-title":"Mucosal therapy of multi-drug resistant tuberculosis with IgA and interferon-gamma","volume":"11","author":"Tran","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.582833","article-title":"Mucosal therapy of multi-drug resistant tuberculosis with IgA and interferon-\u03b3","volume":"11","author":"Tran","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.729186","article-title":"A Mycobacterium tuberculosis specific IgG3 signature of recurrent tuberculosis","volume":"12","author":"Fischinger","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e167960","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.167960","article-title":"Features and protective efficacy of human mAbs targeting Mycobacterium tuberculosis arabinomannan","volume":"8","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2024.106158","article-title":"Integrated single-cell transcriptome and T cell receptor profiling reveals defects of T cell exhaustion in pulmonary tuberculosis","volume":"88","author":"Wen","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Infect"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micres.2023.127393","article-title":"Immune checkpoint modulating T cells and NK cells response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection","volume":"273","author":"Qin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microbiol Res"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1479","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines9101479","article-title":"The dynamic change of immune checkpoints and CD14+ monocytes in latent tuberculosis infection","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201948283","article-title":"Improved Mycobacterium tuberculosis clearance after the restoration of IFN-gamma(+) TNF-alpha(+) CD4(+) T cells: impact of PD-1 inhibition in active tuberculosis patients","volume":"50","author":"Kamboj","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eabf3861","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.abf3861","article-title":"PD-1 blockade exacerbates Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in rhesus macaques","volume":"6","author":"Kauffman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Immunol"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-021-01388-5","article-title":"Inherited PD-1 deficiency underlies tuberculosis and autoimmunity in a child","volume":"27","author":"Ogishi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e52668","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.52668","article-title":"Anti-PD-1 immunotherapy leads to tuberculosis reactivation via dysregulation of TNF-alpha","volume":"9","author":"Tezera","year":"2020","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2460","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9122460","article-title":"T-cell exhaustion in Mycobacterium tuberculosis and nontuberculous mycobacteria infection: pathophysiology and therapeutic perspectives","volume":"9","author":"Lombardi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1007\/s12038-020-0023-z","article-title":"Modulatory effect of Tim-3\/Galectin-9 axis on T-cell-mediated immunity in pulmonary tuberculosis","volume":"45","author":"Kang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Biosci"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2022.09.020","article-title":"The primordial differentiation of tumor-specific memory CD8(+) T cells as bona fide responders to PD-1\/PD-L1 blockade in draining lymph nodes","volume":"185","author":"Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jleuko\/qiae014","article-title":"Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigen 85B modifies BCG-induced antituberculosis immunity and favors pathogen survival","volume":"115","author":"Piccaro","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Leukoc Biol"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202303664","article-title":"Extracellular delivery of functional mitochondria rescues the dysfunction of CD4(+) T cells in aging","volume":"11","author":"Headley","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv Sci (Weinh)"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202401077","article-title":"Mitochondrial transplantation promotes protective effector and memory CD4(+) T cell response during Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection and diminishes exhaustion and senescence in elderly CD4(+) T cells","volume":"11","author":"Headley","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv Sci (Weinh)"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-024-01678-x","article-title":"Age and sex influence antibody profiles associated with tuberculosis progression","volume":"9","author":"Davies","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Microbiol"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2024.07.052","article-title":"A mucosal vaccine formulation against tuberculosis by exploiting the adjuvant activity of S100A4-A damage-associated molecular pattern molecule","volume":"42","author":"Abil","year":"2024","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1157","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-022-04129-7","article-title":"Honing-in antigen-specific cells during antibody discovery: a user-friendly process to mine a deeper repertoire","volume":"5","author":"Mahendra","year":"2022","journal-title":"Commun Biol"},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-9151-8_5","article-title":"Expression cloning of antibodies from single human B cells","volume":"1956","author":"Wardemann","year":"2019","journal-title":"Methods Mol Biol"},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed9070139","article-title":"Investigating the diagnostic and therapeutic potential of a T cell receptor (TCR)-like single domain antibody (sDAb)-human IgG1 antibody against heat shock protein (HSP) 16KDa\/HLA-A2 for latent tuberculosis","volume":"9","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Trop Med Infect Dis"},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s43556-024-00243-6","article-title":"Tuberculosis vaccines and therapeutic drug: challenges and future directions","volume":"6","author":"An","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol BioMed"},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xcrm.2020.100187","article-title":"Pulmonary MTBVAC vaccination induces immune signatures previously correlated with prevention of tuberculosis infection","volume":"2","author":"Dijkman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Rep Med"},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tube.2015.10.010","article-title":"MTBVAC vaccine is safe, immunogenic and confers protective efficacy against Mycobacterium tuberculosis in newborn mice","volume":"96","author":"Aguilo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Tuberculosis (Edinb)"},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiw228","article-title":"Vaccination against tuberculosis with whole-cell mycobacterial vaccines","volume":"214","author":"Scriba","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.706727","article-title":"Immunotherapy with 5, 15-DPP mediates macrophage M1 polarization and modulates subsequent Mycobacterium tuberculosis infectivity in rBCG30 immunized mice","volume":"12","author":"Ahmad","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2016.04.010","article-title":"Safety and immunogenicity of the recombinant BCG vaccine AERAS-422 in healthy BCG-naive adults: A randomized, active-controlled, first-in-human phase 1 trial","volume":"7","author":"Hoft","year":"2016","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2018.03.066","article-title":"Protective efficacy of recombinant BCG over-expressing protective, stage-specific antigens of Mycobacterium tuberculosis","volume":"36","author":"Counoupas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5509","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24065509","article-title":"Safety and immunogenicity of recombinant Bacille Calmette-Guerin strain VPM1002 and its derivatives in a goat model","volume":"24","author":"Figl","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines10050802","article-title":"Auxotrophic Mycobacterium bovis BCG: Updates and perspectives","volume":"10","author":"Dellagostin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vaccines (Basel)"},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiu675","article-title":"The recombinant BCG DeltaureC::hly vaccine targets the AIM2 inflammasome to induce autophagy and inflammation","volume":"211","author":"Saiga","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(23)00123-7","article-title":"Planning to introduce novel tuberculosis vaccines in high burden settings: How could this be done","volume":"11","author":"Cotton","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2021.06.049","article-title":"MTBVAC, a live TB vaccine poised to initiate efficacy trials 100 years after BCG","volume":"39","author":"Martin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2019.11.085","article-title":"Preclinical assessment of a new live attenuated Mycobacterium tuberculosis Beijing-based vaccine for tuberculosis","volume":"38","author":"Levillain","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2019.06.078","article-title":"Ag85b\/ESAT6-CFP10 adjuvanted with aluminum\/poly-IC effectively protects Guinea pigs from latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection","volume":"37","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tube.2023.102425","article-title":"Non-clinical evaluation of local and systemic immunity induced by different vaccination strategies of the candidate tuberculosis vaccine M72\/AS01","volume":"143","author":"Ouaked","year":"2023","journal-title":"Tuberculosis (Edinb)"},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.bioconjchem.3c00273","article-title":"Design and characterization of a multistage peptide-based vaccine platform to target Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection","volume":"34","author":"Bellini","year":"2023","journal-title":"Bioconjug Chem"},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6774","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-27029-6","article-title":"A phase I\/II randomized trial of H56:IC31 vaccination and adjunctive cyclooxygenase-2-inhibitor treatment in tuberculosis patients","volume":"12","author":"Jenum","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e17325","article-title":"Stressed stability and protective efficacy of lead lyophilized formulations of ID93+GLA-SE tuberculosis vaccine","volume":"9","author":"Archer","year":"2023","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2023.111436","article-title":"Comparative immunogenicity and safety of SpikoGen(R), a recombinant SARS-CoV-2 spike protein vaccine in children and young adults: An immuno-bridging clinical trial","volume":"127","author":"Tabarsi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol"},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines10050825","article-title":"Therapeutic effect of subunit vaccine AEC\/BC02 on Mycobacterium tuberculosis post-chemotherapy relapse using a latent infection murine model","volume":"10","author":"Lu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vaccines (Basel)"},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-023-08092-4","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of tuberculosis vaccine candidates in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review of randomised controlled clinical trials","volume":"23","author":"Wilson","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1863","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines11121863","article-title":"Safety and immunogenicity of an in vivo muscle electroporation delivery system for DNA-hsp65 tuberculosis vaccine in cynomolgus monkeys","volume":"11","author":"de Lima","year":"2023","journal-title":"Vaccines (Basel)"},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/iid3.854","article-title":"Mechanisms of ag85a\/b DNA vaccine conferred immunotherapy and recovery from Mycobacterium tuberculosis-induced injury","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Immun Inflammation Dis"},{"key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.1025931","article-title":"B21 DNA vaccine expressing ag85b, rv2029c, and rv1738 confers a robust therapeutic effect against latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection","volume":"13","author":"Weng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2023.10.026","article-title":"Conference report: WHO meeting summary on mRNA-based tuberculosis vaccine development","volume":"41","author":"Looney","year":"2023","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"B121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.895020","article-title":"Research advances for virus-vectored tuberculosis vaccines and latest findings on tuberculosis vaccine development","volume":"13","author":"Hu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(23)00758-2","article-title":"Optimising the vaccine strategy of BCG, ChAdOx1 85A, and MVA85A for tuberculosis control","volume":"24","author":"Wajja","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"B123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-022-01354-4","article-title":"Parenteral BCG vaccine induces lung-resident memory macrophages and trained immunity via the gut-lung axis","volume":"23","author":"Jeyanathan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"B124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2025.04.016","article-title":"Goals and strategies in vaccine development against tuberculosis","volume":"183","author":"Konjengbam","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol Immunol"},{"key":"B125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2021.10.034","article-title":"Construction and immunogenicity of a T cell epitope-based subunit vaccine candidate against Mycobacterium tuberculosis","volume":"39","author":"Fan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"B126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1007\/s11033-024-09424-6","article-title":"Application of CRISPR-cas-based technology for the identification of tuberculosis, drug discovery and vaccine development","volume":"51","author":"Shi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol Biol Rep"},{"key":"B127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1238649","article-title":"Recent advance in the development of tuberculosis vaccines in clinical trials and virus-like particle-based vaccine candidates","volume":"14","author":"Zhou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.00726","article-title":"Gut dysbiosis thwarts the efficacy of vaccine against Mycobacterium tuberculosis","volume":"11","author":"Nadeem","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"RP87431","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.87431","article-title":"Vaccination with mycobacterial lipid loaded nanoparticle leads to lipid antigen persistence and memory differentiation of antigen-specific T cells","volume":"12","author":"Morgun","year":"2023","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"B130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1306449","article-title":"Mucosal and systemic immune responses after a single intranasal dose of nanoparticle and spore-based subunit vaccines in mice with pre-existing lung mycobacterial immunity","volume":"14","author":"Vergara","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1427371","article-title":"A dose escalation study to evaluate the safety of an aerosol BCG infection in previously BCG-vaccinated healthy human UK adults","volume":"15","author":"Fredsgaard-Jones","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.810602","article-title":"Interleukin-27 in tuberculosis: A sheep in wolf's clothing","volume":"12","author":"Ritter","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-024-07866-3","article-title":"Tuberculosis in otherwise healthy adults with inherited TNF deficiency","volume":"633","author":"Arias","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-024-01897-8","article-title":"Specific CD4(+) T cell phenotypes associate with bacterial control in people who 'resist' infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis","volume":"25","author":"Sun","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"B135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/clinpract12050082","article-title":"Role of interferons in Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection","volume":"12","author":"Shanmuganathan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Pract"},{"key":"B136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1469118","article-title":"IFN\u03b3-secreting T cells that highly express IL-2 potently inhibit the growth of intracellular M. tuberculosis in macrophages","volume":"15","author":"Zhu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.01599","article-title":"GM-CSF dependent differential control of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in human and mouse macrophages: Is macrophage source of GM-CSF critical to tuberculosis immunity","volume":"11","author":"Mishra","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100922","DOI":"10.1016\/s2666-5247(24)00162-9","article-title":"Altered IL-6 signalling and risk of tuberculosis: A multi-ancestry mendelian randomisation study","volume":"6","author":"Hamilton","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet Microbe"},{"key":"B139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nmni.2024.101533","article-title":"Risk of tuberculosis disease in patients receiving TNF-\u03b1 antagonist therapy: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"62","author":"Khelghati","year":"2024","journal-title":"New Microbes New Infect"},{"key":"B140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2021.763591","article-title":"The research progress in immunotherapy of tuberculosis","volume":"11","author":"Mi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"B141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(21)00184-7","article-title":"Therapeutics targeting the IL-23 and IL-17 pathway in psoriasis","volume":"397","author":"Ghoreschi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet (London England)"},{"key":"B142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14787210.2023.2283036","article-title":"The gut and lung microbiota in pulmonary tuberculosis: Susceptibility, function, and new insights into treatment","volume":"21","author":"Zhuo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Expert Rev Anti-Infective Ther"},{"key":"B143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"RP99282","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.99282","article-title":"Intestinal microbiome dysbiosis increases Mycobacteria pulmonary colonization in mice by regulating the Nos2-associated pathways","volume":"13","author":"Han","year":"2024","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"B144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2021.112108","article-title":"The role of microbiota in respiratory health and diseases, particularly in tuberculosis","volume":"143","author":"Shah","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomedicine Pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine Pharmacotherapie"},{"key":"B145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1431","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics11101431","article-title":"Antibiotic resistance to Mycobacterium tuberculosis and potential use of natural and biological products as alternative anti-mycobacterial agents","volume":"11","author":"Arrigoni","year":"2022","journal-title":"Antibiotics (Basel Switzerland)"},{"key":"B146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2022.2029997","article-title":"The gut microbiota mediates protective immunity against tuberculosis via modulation of lncRNA","volume":"14","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"B147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1236348","article-title":"Host microbiome in tuberculosis: Disease, treatment, and immunity perspectives","volume":"14","author":"Pant","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"B148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.08.064","article-title":"Alterations of gut microbiota in patients with active pulmonary tuberculosis in China: A pilot study","volume":"111","author":"Shi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis IJID Off Publ Int Soc For Infect Dis"},{"key":"B149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.836987","article-title":"Alterations in the gut microbiome of individuals with tuberculosis of different disease states","volume":"12","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"B150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.01693-21","article-title":"Mouse subcutaneous BCG vaccination and Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection alter the lung and gut microbiota","volume":"10","author":"Silva","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microbiol Spectr"},{"key":"B151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.adi9711","article-title":"Commensal antimicrobial resistance mediates microbiome resilience to antibiotic disruption","volume":"16","author":"Bhattarai","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"key":"B152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1323723","article-title":"Gut microbiome, T cell subsets, and cytokine analysis identify differential biomarkers in tuberculosis","volume":"15","author":"Chai","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2025.2531201","article-title":"Gut microbiota and tuberculosis infection: interaction and therapeutic potential","volume":"17","author":"Chai","year":"2025","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"B154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2024.107274","article-title":"Anti-tuberculosis effect of microbiome therapeutic PMC205 in extensively drug-resistant pulmonary tuberculosis in vivo","volume":"64","author":"Seo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Antimicrob Agents"},{"key":"B155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.6133\/apjcn.202203_31(1).0008","article-title":"Lactobacillus casei modulates inflammatory cytokines and metabolites during tuberculosis treatment: a post hoc randomized controlled trial","volume":"31","author":"Jiang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Asia Pac J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"B156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2024.11.020","article-title":"A gut commensal protozoan determines respiratory disease outcomes by shaping pulmonary immunity","volume":"188","author":"Burrows","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2022.11.017","article-title":"Phage therapy: from biological mechanisms to future directions","volume":"186","author":"Strathdee","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-024-01733-7","article-title":"Advocating for phage therapy","volume":"9","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Microbiol"},{"key":"B159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2024.104049","article-title":"Mycobacteriophages: therapeutic approach for mycobacterial infections","volume":"29","author":"Raman","year":"2024","journal-title":"Drug Discov Today"},{"key":"B160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00973-21","article-title":"Toward a phage cocktail for tuberculosis: susceptibility and tuberculocidal action of mycobacteriophages against diverse Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains","volume":"12","author":"Guerrero-Bustamante","year":"2021","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"B161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-024-06006-x","article-title":"Bacteriophage therapy for the treatment of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infections in humanized mice","volume":"7","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Commun Biol"},{"key":"B162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.04597-22","article-title":"Mycobacteriophage D29 Lysin B exhibits promising anti-mycobacterial activity against drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis","volume":"11","author":"Singh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microbiol Spectr"},{"key":"B163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9310","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25179301","article-title":"The biological characteristics of Mycobacterium phage Henu3 and the fitness cost associated with its resistant strains","volume":"25","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2025.123546","article-title":"Characterization of a novel virulent mycobacteriophage Kashi-SSH1 (KSSH1) depicting genus-specific broad-spectrum anti-mycobacterial activity","volume":"369","author":"Nayak","year":"2025","journal-title":"Life Sci"},{"key":"B165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2023.1173894","article-title":"Isolation and characterization of a novel mycobacteriophage Kashi-VT1 infecting Mycobacterium species","volume":"13","author":"Nayak","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"B166","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-024-01913-5","article-title":"Engineered Mycobacterium tuberculosis triple-kill-switch strain provides controlled tuberculosis infection in animal models","volume":"10","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat Microbiol"},{"key":"B167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciac453","article-title":"Phage therapy of Mycobacterium infections: compassionate use of phages in 20 patients with drug-resistant mycobacterial disease","volume":"76","author":"Dedrick","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"B168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14356\/kona.2025016","article-title":"Formulation of bacteriophage for inhalation to treat multidrug-resistant pulmonary infections","volume":"42","author":"Pathak","year":"2025","journal-title":"Kona"},{"key":"B169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2022.04.004","article-title":"Multimodal profiling of lung granulomas in macaques reveals cellular correlates of tuberculosis control","volume":"55","author":"Gideon","year":"2022","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fbinf.2024.1424202","article-title":"PhIP-Seq: methods, applications and challenges","volume":"4","author":"Huang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Bioinform"},{"key":"B171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/itt.S518628","article-title":"Mitophagy: a potential therapeutic target for tuberculosis immunotherapy","volume":"14","author":"Gao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Immunotargets Ther"},{"key":"B172","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/0113895575309785240902102421","article-title":"Development of Mycobacterium tuberculosis enoyl acyl reductase (InhA) inhibitors: a mini-review","volume":"25","author":"Tailor","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mini-Rev Med Chem"},{"key":"B173","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-025-08615-w","article-title":"Cell-autonomous innate immunity by proteasome-derived defence peptides","volume":"639","author":"Goldberg","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B174","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/jir.S517034","article-title":"Host immune response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection: implications for vaccine development","volume":"18","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Inflammation Res"},{"key":"B175","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2025.115455","article-title":"Host-directed immunotherapy to enhance treatment of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection","volume":"165","author":"Fang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol"},{"key":"B176","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"fuae007","DOI":"10.1093\/femsre\/fuae007","article-title":"In vitro modelling of bacterial pneumonia: a comparative analysis of widely applied complex cell culture models","volume":"48","author":"Mahieu","year":"2024","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"B177","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2903","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25052903","article-title":"Animals in respiratory research","volume":"25","author":"Fr\u00f6hlich","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Immunology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1873405\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T04:23:27Z","timestamp":1783571007000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1873405\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]]},"references-count":177,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1873405"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1873405","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-3224"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-3224","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]]},"article-number":"1873405"}}