{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T04:31:01Z","timestamp":1786336261562,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786320000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Hereditary angioedema (HAE) is characterized by recurrent subcutaneous and submucosal edema. Gastrointestinal involvement is common; however, the role of intestinal barrier dysfunction and its relationship with systemic inflammation in HAE remains poorly understood.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This cross-sectional study included 169 patients with HAE. Circulating markers of intestinal permeability (e.g., lipopolysaccharide [LPS] and fatty acid\u2013binding protein 2 [FABP2]) and inflammatory cytokines (e.g., interleukin [IL]-1\u03b2, IL-6, IL-10, and tumor necrosis factor-\u03b1) were measured. Associations with edema location and the HAE activity score (HAE-AS) were evaluated through univariate and multivariable regression models. Exploratory mediation and interaction analyses were performed to assess potential relationships among LPS, IL-6, and gastrointestinal edema.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Relative to patients without recent gastrointestinal edema, those with recent gastrointestinal edema had significantly higher serum levels of LPS and IL-6 (P\u00a0=\u00a00.030 and P\u00a0=\u00a00.031, respectively); FABP2 levels did not significantly differ. Multivariable logistic regression showed that LPS (odds ratio = 3.90, 95% CI: 1.58-10.35, P\u00a0=\u00a00.004) and IL-6 (odds ratio = 1.15, 95% CI: 1.01-1.31, P\u00a0=\u00a00.038) were independently associated with recent gastrointestinal edema. No significant mediation or interaction between LPS and IL-6 was observed. Linear regression analysis indicated that LPS was independently associated with HAE-AS (\u03b2 = 1.499, P\u00a0=\u00a00.046).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Altered intestinal permeability and inflammatory activation, particularly elevated LPS levels, are closely associated with gastrointestinal manifestations and disease activity in HAE. These findings suggest a gut\u2013angioedema axis contributes to phenotype-specific disease expression. IL-6 may reflect concurrent inflammatory activation; the absence of elevated FABP2 suggests that gastrointestinal edema can occur without overt epithelial injury. These results support a role for the gut environment in shaping disease heterogeneity and provide a basis for further mechanistic studies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1873666","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T04:22:33Z","timestamp":1786335753000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Associations of hereditary angioedema attacks with intestinal permeability and inflammatory cytokines"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Xue","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, National Clinical Research Center for Immunologic Diseases","place":["Beijing, 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