{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T18:07:23Z","timestamp":1793210843338,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":95,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782432000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Keloids are aggressive fibroproliferative disorders characterized by a sclerotic core and an actively invading margin, yet the cellular and molecular basis of this spatial heterogeneity remains poorly understood. The roles of immune-stromal crosstalk in driving peripheral invasion have not been systematically dissected.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Paired infiltrating and hypercellular zones were collected from anterior chest keloids of four patients. Single\u2212cell RNA sequencing was performed on 128,678 cells after rigorous quality control. Unbiased clustering, differential gene expression analysis, pseudotime trajectory reconstruction, and cell-cell interaction profiling were applied to compare the landscapes of cell composition, function, and differentiation\/development trajectories between the two zones.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The hypercellular zone was dominated by extracellular matrix\u2212producing myofibroblasts, whereas the infiltrating zone was enriched in mononuclear phagocytes and endothelial cells, exhibiting a loose collagen architecture permissive for cellular invasion. Infiltrating zone fibroblasts adopted an immunomodulatory, inflammatory cancer\u2212associated fibroblast\u2212like phenotype, while macrophages displayed a type I interferon signature and immunoglobulin\u2212mediated activation, indicating a chronic inflammatory state with features reminiscent of certain autoimmune conditions. Langerhans cells followed a three\u2212stage developmental trajectory from a stress\u2212responsive to a terminal NF\u2212\u03baB\u2212driven effector state, orchestrating neutrophil and Th17 cell recruitment via chemokine and cytokine networks, with significant enrichment of the IL\u221217 signaling pathway. Endothelial cells at the margin underwent endothelial\u2212to\u2212mesenchymal transition, and Schwann cells exhibited phenotypic plasticity, mirroring aggressive tissue remodeling.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In the context of this spatially resolved analysis, this study redefines the keloid margin as an immunology\u2212dominated niche characterized by profound cellular and spatial heterogeneity that is associated with features that could drive peripheral invasion. These findings suggest a shift of the paradigm of keloid pathogenesis from a fibroblast\u2212centric model to an immune\u2212driven integrated landscape in this cohort and provide a theoretical foundation for keloid precision therapies and zone\u2212specific biomarkers for treatment response and disease monitoring.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1873878","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T04:34:42Z","timestamp":1782448482000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Immune-dominated cellular heterogeneity and stromal plasticity in keloid infiltrating and hypercellular zones revealed by single-cell RNA sequencing"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Yuchen","family":"Cao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cicatrix Minimally Invasive Treatment Center, Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Duan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cicatrix Minimally Invasive Treatment Center, Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dongxian","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cicatrix Minimally Invasive Treatment Center, Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yue","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cicatrix Minimally Invasive Treatment Center, Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mingzi","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cicatrix Minimally Invasive Treatment Center, Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shunbing","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yonghao","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University","place":["Wuhan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuanyuan","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cicatrix Minimally Invasive Treatment Center, Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lianzhao","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cicatrix Minimally Invasive Treatment Center, Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2021.12.011","article-title":"Multi-omic analysis reveals divergent molecular events in scarring and regenerative wound healing","volume":"29","author":"Mascharak","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1387","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-025-08741-1","article-title":"Uncovering a fibroblast differentiation-based keloid classification by integration of single-cell and bulk RNA sequencing","volume":"8","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Commun Biol"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mco2.70381","article-title":"Hypertrophic scarring and keloids: Epidemiology, molecular pathogenesis, and therapeutic interventions","volume":"6","author":"Fang","year":"2025","journal-title":"MedComm (2020)"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1093\/bjd\/ljae234","article-title":"Using network pharmacology to discover potential drugs for hypertrophic scars","volume":"191","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aba2374","article-title":"Preventing Engrailed-1 activation in fibroblasts yields wound regeneration without scarring","volume":"372","author":"Mascharak","year":"2021","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-08247-x","article-title":"Single-cell analysis reveals fibroblast heterogeneity and myeloid-derived adipocyte progenitors in murine skin wounds","volume":"10","author":"Guerrero-Juarez","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2020.01.042","article-title":"Single-cell transcriptome analysis of human skin identifies novel fibroblast subpopulation and enrichment of immune subsets in atopic dermatitis","volume":"145","author":"He","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2024.11.013","article-title":"Spatiotemporal single-cell roadmap of human skin wound healing","volume":"32","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-026-02552-8","article-title":"Single-cell spatial transcriptomic analysis of human skin anatomy","author":"Restrepo","year":"2026","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-022-00962-8","article-title":"Integrating single-cell RNA sequencing with spatial transcriptomics reveals immune landscape for interstitial cystitis","volume":"7","author":"Peng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Signal Transduct Target Ther"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-025-06167-1","article-title":"Role of CD4(+) T cells in cancer immunity: a single-cell sequencing exploration of tumor microenvironment","volume":"23","author":"An","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Transl Med"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2010.10048.x","article-title":"Fibroblasts from the growing margin of keloid scars produce higher levels of collagen I and III compared with intralesional and extralesional sites: Clinical implications for lesional site-directed therapy","volume":"164","author":"Syed","year":"2011","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2020.00360","article-title":"The keloid disorder: Heterogeneity, histopathology, mechanisms and models","volume":"8","author":"Limandjaja","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Cell Dev Biol"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1106289","article-title":"Deciphering the single-cell transcriptome network in keloids with intra-lesional injection of triamcinolone acetonide combined with 5-fluorouracil","volume":"14","author":"Xia","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3709","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-24110-y","article-title":"Single-cell RNA-seq reveals fibroblast heterogeneity and increased mesenchymal fibroblasts in human fibrotic skin diseases","volume":"12","author":"Deng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.prs.0000270293.93612.7b","article-title":"Biological differences between fibroblasts derived from peripheral and central areas of keloid tissues","volume":"120","author":"Lu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.940645","article-title":"Single-cell RNA sequencing reveals distinct immunology profiles in human keloid","volume":"13","author":"Feng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1647","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-024-07311-1","article-title":"Single cell transcriptomics reveals the cellular heterogeneity of keloids and the mechanism of their aggressiveness","volume":"7","author":"Cheng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Commun Biol"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2021.06.010","article-title":"Single-cell RNA-sequencing reveals lineage-specific regulatory changes of fibroblasts and vascular endothelial cells in keloids","volume":"142","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6242","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-26495-2","article-title":"The serine proteases dipeptidyl-peptidase 4 and urokinase are key molecules in human and mouse scar formation","volume":"12","author":"Vorstandlechner","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0b013e31824ecaa9","article-title":"Deep and superficial keloid fibroblasts contribute differentially to tissue phenotype in a novel in vivo model of keloid scar","volume":"129","author":"Supp","year":"2012","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/SAP.0b013e31819967ed","article-title":"Visual and pathologic analyses of keloid growth patterns","volume":"64","author":"Akaishi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann Plast Surg"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gky1173","article-title":"scFTD-seq: Freeze-thaw lysis based, portable approach toward highly distributed single-cell 3\u2019 mRNA profiling","volume":"47","author":"Dura","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btt656","article-title":"featureCounts: An efficient general purpose program for assigning sequence reads to genomic features","volume":"30","author":"Liao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/bts635","article-title":"STAR: Ultrafast universal RNA-seq aligner","volume":"29","author":"Dobin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.3192","article-title":"Spatial reconstruction of single-cell gene expression data","volume":"33","author":"Satija","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Biotechnol"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41592-019-0619-0","article-title":"Fast, sensitive and accurate integration of single-cell data with Harmony","volume":"16","author":"Korsunsky","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Methods"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/omi.2011.0118","article-title":"clusterProfiler: An R package for comparing biological themes among gene clusters","volume":"16","author":"Yu","year":"2012","journal-title":"OMICS"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.4150","article-title":"Single-cell mRNA quantification and differential analysis with Census","volume":"14","author":"Qiu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Methods"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aax0249","article-title":"Single-cell transcriptional diversity is a hallmark of developmental potential","volume":"367","author":"Gulati","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41596-020-0292-x","article-title":"CellPhoneDB: Inferring cell-cell communication from combined expression of multi-subunit ligand-receptor complexes","volume":"15","author":"Efremova","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Protoc"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1649","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-09639-3","article-title":"A Bayesian mixture model for clustering droplet-based single-cell transcriptomic data from population studies","volume":"10","author":"Sun","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-025-02267-8","article-title":"A single-cell and spatial genomics atlas of human skin fibroblasts reveals shared disease-related fibroblast subtypes across tissues","volume":"26","author":"Steele","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41423-021-00834-1","article-title":"Downregulated cytotoxic CD8+ T-cell identifies with the NKG2A-soluble HLA-E axis as a predictive biomarker and potential therapeutic target in keloids","volume":"19","author":"Xu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Mol Immunol"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2022.01.017","article-title":"Integrated analysis of single-cell and spatial transcriptomics in keloids: Highlights on fibrovascular interactions in keloid pathogenesis","volume":"142","author":"Shim","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2025.12.014","article-title":"Fibroblasts of disparate developmental origins harbor anatomically variant scarring potential","volume":"189","author":"Griffin","year":"2026","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1764","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2024.08.020","article-title":"Cross-tissue human fibroblast atlas reveals myofibroblast subtypes with distinct roles in immune modulation","volume":"42","author":"Gao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20162024","article-title":"Distinct populations of inflammatory fibroblasts and myofibroblasts in pancreatic cancer","volume":"214","author":"\u00d6hlund","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/2159-8290.CD-19-0094","article-title":"Cross-species single-cell analysis of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma reveals antigen-presenting cancer-associated fibroblasts","volume":"9","author":"Elyada","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cancer Discov"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdermsci.2023.12.007","article-title":"Transcriptome network analysis of inflammation and fibrosis in keloids","volume":"113","author":"Mao","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Dermatol Sci"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms242015475","article-title":"The communication from immune cells to the fibroblasts in keloids: Implications for immunotherapy","volume":"24","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"IJMS"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.burns.2026.108063","article-title":"Single-cell RNA-seq reveals increased TNFRSF9(+) senescent fibroblasts and enhanced crosstalk between TNFRSF9(+) fibroblasts and neural cells in keloids","volume":"52","author":"Ni","year":"2026","journal-title":"Burns"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2023.132489","article-title":"Fibroblast-derived CXCL14 aggravates crystalline silica-induced pulmonary fibrosis by mediating polarization and recruitment of interstitial macrophages","volume":"460","author":"You","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Hazard Mater"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1522076","article-title":"Single-cell RNA-seq reveals immune cell heterogeneity and increased Th17 cells in human fibrotic skin diseases","volume":"15","author":"Deng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/burnst\/tkad017","article-title":"Decoding the molecular landscape of keloids: New insights from single-cell transcriptomics","volume":"11","author":"Xia","year":"2023","journal-title":"Burns Trauma"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1971","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2018.09.010","article-title":"Expression of STING is increased in liver tissues from patients with NAFLD and promotes macrophage-mediated hepatic inflammation and fibrosis in mice","volume":"155","author":"Luo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1002\/art.42662","article-title":"Endothelial response to type I interferon contributes to vasculopathy and fibrosis and predicts disease progression of systemic sclerosis","volume":"76","author":"Yin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.582401","article-title":"Association between DNA damage response, fibrosis and type I interferon signature in systemic sclerosis","volume":"11","author":"Vlachogiannis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.810290","article-title":"The polygenic map of keloid fibroblasts reveals fibrosis-associated gene alterations in inflammation and immune responses","volume":"12","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.add8945","article-title":"Identification of a broadly fibrogenic macrophage subset induced by type 3 inflammation","volume":"8","author":"Fabre","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci Immunol"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2015.09.005","article-title":"S100A8 and S100A9 are induced by decreased hydration in the epidermis and promote fibroblast activation and fibrosis in the dermis","volume":"186","author":"Zhong","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics13203167","article-title":"S100 proteins in the pathogenesis of psoriasis and atopic dermatitis","volume":"13","author":"Saito-Sasaki","year":"2023","journal-title":"Diagn (Basel)"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2026.01.015","article-title":"HSPA1A and DNAJB1 regulate NELF condensate dynamics to safeguard transcriptional recovery under heat stress","volume":"86","author":"Jiang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Mol Cell"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1186\/s10020-025-01086-9","article-title":"HSPA1A inhibits pyroptosis and neuroinflammation after spinal cord injury via DUSP1 inhibition of the MAPK signaling pathway","volume":"31","author":"He","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol Med"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.178499","article-title":"Single-cell RNA-Seq analysis reveals cell subsets and gene signatures associated with rheumatoid arthritis disease activity","volume":"9","author":"Binvignat","year":"2024","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7165","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-62343-3","article-title":"Histone lactylation regulates DOCK4 to control heat nociception and supports Dynein-mediated Nav1.7 trafficking","volume":"16","author":"Xie","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2015.12.004","article-title":"Targeting MALT1 proteolytic activity in immunity, inflammation and disease: good or bad","volume":"22","author":"Demeyer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trends Mol Med"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20080300","article-title":"Mast cell-expressed orphan receptor CCRL2 binds chemerin and is required for optimal induction of IgE-mediated passive cutaneous anaphylaxis","volume":"205","author":"Zabel","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.1675","article-title":"The Duffy antigen receptor for chemokines transports chemokines and supports their promigratory activity","volume":"10","author":"Pruenster","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/35074588","article-title":"PDGF-D is a specific, protease-activated ligand for the PDGF beta-receptor","volume":"3","author":"Bergsten","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nat Cell Biol"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-015-2076-y","article-title":"WNT-5A: signaling and functions in health and disease","volume":"73","author":"Kumawat","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Mol Life Sci"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/87904","article-title":"Synergism between vascular endothelial growth factor and placental growth factor contributes to angiogenesis and plasma extravasation in pathological conditions","volume":"7","author":"Carmeliet","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI33302","article-title":"Adrenomedullin signaling is necessary for murine lymphatic vascular development","volume":"118","author":"Fritz-Six","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature07456","article-title":"Neuroligins and neurexins link synaptic function to cognitive disease","volume":"455","author":"S\u00fcdhof","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1827","article-title":"Neural recognition molecules of the immunoglobulin superfamily: signaling transducers of axon guidance and neuronal migration","volume":"10","author":"Maness","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2023.08.001","article-title":"Synapse organizers as molecular codes for synaptic plasticity","volume":"46","author":"Connor","year":"2023","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5423","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms6423","article-title":"Structural basis for LAR-RPTP\/Slitrk complex-mediated synaptic adhesion","volume":"5","author":"Um","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2008.01.002","article-title":"Plexin-A3 and plexin-A4 restrict the migration of sympathetic neurons but not their neural crest precursors","volume":"315","author":"Waimey","year":"2008","journal-title":"Dev Biol"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2022.1000324","article-title":"Single-cell RNA-seq reveals the communications between extracellular matrix-related components and Schwann cells contributing to the earlobe keloid formation","volume":"9","author":"Gong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Med"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matbio.2022.03.001","article-title":"Schwann cells contribute to keloid formation","volume":"108","author":"Direder","year":"2022","journal-title":"Matrix Biol"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s12276-022-00874-1","article-title":"The transcriptional profile of keloidal Schwann cells","volume":"54","author":"Direder","year":"2022","journal-title":"Exp Mol Med"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"890","DOI":"10.1111\/ijd.17516","article-title":"Single-cell RNA sequencing highlights the role of proinflammatory fibroblasts, vascular endothelial cells, and immune cells in the keloid immune microenvironment","volume":"64","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Dermatol"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2016.09.024","article-title":"Endothelial dysfunction may play a key role in keloid and hypertrophic scar pathogenesis \u2013 keloids and hypertrophic scars may be vascular disorders","volume":"96","author":"Ogawa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Med Hypotheses"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2025.217802","article-title":"Keloids revisited: current concepts in treatment and differential diagnosis","volume":"625","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cancer Lett"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12964-023-01214-0","article-title":"Characterization of the skin keloid microenvironment","volume":"21","author":"Zhang","year":"2023"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1529564","article-title":"The regulatory role of immune microenvironment-related cells and pathways in the pathogenesis of keloids","volume":"16","author":"Dong","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00266-024-03935-0","article-title":"Recurrence and complications of peri-operative steroid injection of keloids: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"48","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Aesthetic Plast Surg"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2024.10.061","article-title":"Spatiotemporally cascade-driven \u201cLipo(micelles)\u201d enhance extracellular matrix penetration and remodel intercellular crosstalk in pulmonary fibrosis","volume":"376","author":"Chang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Control Release"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13279","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-94073-3","article-title":"Engineering IL-10 and rapamycin to bind collagen leads to improved anti fibrotic efficacy in lung and kidney fibrosis","volume":"15","author":"White","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2022.09.054","article-title":"Pathological collagen targeting and penetrating liposomes for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis therapy","volume":"351","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Control Release"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jocd.15790","article-title":"Sufficient mesh polyhedral intralesional injection for treatment of keloids","volume":"22","author":"Jiang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Cosmet Dermatol"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms252111579","article-title":"An update on molecular mechanisms of scarring-a narrative review","volume":"25","author":"Kohlhauser","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.abd.2024.01.010","article-title":"Cytokines, chemokines and growth factors involved in keloids pathogenesis","volume":"100","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Bras Dermatol"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/exd.14734","article-title":"Immune cells and associated molecular markers in dermal fibrosis with focus on raised cutaneous scars","volume":"32","author":"Kidzeru","year":"2023","journal-title":"Exp Dermatol"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1186\/s40246-024-00647-z","article-title":"Identification of novel immune-related signatures for keloid diagnosis and treatment: insights from integrated bulk RNA-seq and scRNA-seq analysis","volume":"18","author":"Xiao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Hum Genomics"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2012.11190.x","article-title":"Site-specific immunophenotyping of keloid disease demonstrates immune upregulation and the presence of lymphoid aggregates","volume":"167","author":"Bagabir","year":"2012","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00266-015-0542-4","article-title":"Analysis of characteristics similar to autoimmune disease in keloid patients","volume":"39","author":"Jiao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Aesthetic Plast Surg"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/CCID.S549199","article-title":"Langerin(+) dendritic cells in cutaneous fibrosis: the TGF-\u03b21 signaling axis","volume":"18","author":"Lv","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/2159-8290.CD-19-0074","article-title":"\u03b2-Catenin activation promotes immune escape and resistance to anti-PD-1 therapy in hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"9","author":"Ruiz de Galarreta","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cancer Discov"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.888719","article-title":"IL-17 induces autophagy dysfunction to promote inflammatory cell death and fibrosis in keloid fibroblasts via the STAT3 and HIF-1\u03b1 dependent signaling pathways","volume":"13","author":"Lee","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10753-019-01148-1","article-title":"IL-17 induced stromal cell-derived factor-1 and profibrotic factor in keloid-derived skin fibroblasts via the STAT3 pathway","volume":"43","author":"Lee","year":"2020","journal-title":"Inflammation"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1007\/s00403-024-03352-y","article-title":"The role of IL-17 and Th17 cells in keloid pathogenesis","volume":"316","author":"Bitterman","year":"2024","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol Res"},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15384101.2019.1670508","article-title":"HIF-1\u03b1 promotes the keloid development through the activation of TGF-\u03b2\/Smad and TLR4\/MyD88\/NF-\u03baB pathways","volume":"18","author":"Lei","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Cycle"},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19010076","article-title":"High-mobility group box 1 mediates fibroblast activity via RAGE-MAPK and NF-\u03baB signaling in keloid scar formation","volume":"19","author":"Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-020-01609-7","article-title":"Inhibition of growth of Asian keloid cells with human umbilical cord Wharton\u2019s jelly stem cell-conditioned medium","volume":"11","author":"Arjunan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res Ther"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Immunology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1873878\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T04:34:50Z","timestamp":1782448490000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1873878\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]]},"references-count":95,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1873878"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1873878","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-3224"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-3224","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]]},"article-number":"1873878"}}