{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T09:37:30Z","timestamp":1786441050110,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786406400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010975","name":"Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Agropecuarias","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010975","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>Fasciola hepatica<\/jats:italic>\n                      is a trematode parasite of ruminants that induces potent immunoregulatory responses, potentially compromising vaccine-induced immunity. This study evaluated the effect of\n                      <jats:italic>F. hepatica<\/jats:italic>\n                      infection and its timing on immune responses elicited by foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) vaccination in cattle.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Fifty-two one-year-old calves free of maternal FMDV antibodies were allocated to five experimental groups (10\u201311 animals\/group). Animals were experimentally infected with\n                      <jats:italic>F. hepatica<\/jats:italic>\n                      either before or after FMDV vaccination and compared with antiparasitic-treated and non-infected control groups. Growth performance, parasitological parameters, hematological and biochemical indicators of liver function, and vaccine-induced humoral and cellular immune responses were evaluated throughout the study.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Although total anti-FMDV antibody titers and IgG1 levels were not significantly affected by\n                      <jats:italic>F. hepatica<\/jats:italic>\n                      infection, calves infected after vaccination developed significantly lower IgG1 antibody avidity indices, indicating impaired antibody maturation. This reduction was accompanied by diminished vaccine-induced cellular immune responses and persistent biochemical evidence of hepatic dysfunction during chronic infection. Triclabendazole treatment restored antibody avidity and partially recovered productive performance, although some metabolic alterations persisted.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>F. hepatica<\/jats:italic>\n                      selectively impaired the qualitative maturation of the immune response to FMDV vaccination rather than the magnitude of antibody production. These findings highlight the importance of infection timing and effective parasite control to optimize vaccine efficacy in cattle and suggest that antibody avidity may represent a more sensitive indicator of helminth-induced vaccine interference than antibody titers alone.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1874141","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T09:12:21Z","timestamp":1786439541000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Timing of Fasciola hepatica infection selectively impairs antibody avidity after foot-and-mouth disease vaccination in cattle"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Conrado","family":"Rodr\u00edguez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Inmunomodulaci\u00f3n y Vacunas, Unidad Acad\u00e9mica de Inmunobiolog\u00eda, Facultad de Medicina","place":["UdelaR, Montevideo, Uruguay"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pablo","family":"Parodi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Nacional de Investigaci\u00f3n Agropecuaria (INIA), Plataforma de Investigaci\u00f3n en Salud Animal","place":["Tacuaremb\u00f3, Uruguay"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alejo","family":"Menchaca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Nacional de Investigaci\u00f3n Agropecuaria (INIA), Plataforma de Investigaci\u00f3n en Salud Animal","place":["Tacuaremb\u00f3, Uruguay"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anderson","family":"Saravia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Nacional de Investigaci\u00f3n Agropecuaria (INIA), Plataforma de Investigaci\u00f3n en Salud Animal","place":["Tacuaremb\u00f3, Uruguay"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maximiliano","family":"Wilda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Altos Estudios en Ciencias Humanas y de la Salud (CAECIHS). Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas y T\u00e9cnicas (CONICET)- Universidad Abierta Interamericana","place":["Buenos Aires, Argentina"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alejandra Victoria","family":"Capozzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Altos Estudios en Ciencias Humanas y de la Salud (CAECIHS). Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas y T\u00e9cnicas (CONICET)- Universidad Abierta Interamericana","place":["Buenos Aires, Argentina"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Teresa","family":"Freire","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Inmunomodulaci\u00f3n y Vacunas, Unidad Acad\u00e9mica de Inmunobiolog\u00eda, Facultad de Medicina","place":["UdelaR, Montevideo, Uruguay"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2013.07.013","article-title":"The economic impacts of foot and mouth disease - what are they, how big are they and where do they occur","volume":"112","author":"Knight-Jones","year":"2013","journal-title":"Prev Vet Med"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2017.11.013","article-title":"Understanding 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