{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T04:57:58Z","timestamp":1793163478366,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":171,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]],"date-time":"2026-08-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785974400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009004","name":"Anhui University of Chinese Medicine","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022rczd005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022rczd005"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009004","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Metabolic reprogramming is a critical link between systemic metabolic dysregulation and organ-specific, persistent injury in diabetic complications. Previous reviews have largely focused on individual organs or isolated metabolic pathways, leaving unresolved how common diabetic metabolic reprogramming is translated into divergent tissue injury across different organs and cell types. Addressing this gap is important because it connects fragmented pathway-level evidence with tissue-specific disease mechanisms and may help prioritize more precise therapeutic strategies for diabetic complications. This review summarizes alterations in glucose, lipid, and amino acid metabolism, mitochondrial function, immunometabolism, and epigenetic regulation in diabetic kidney disease, diabetic retinopathy, diabetic foot ulcers, diabetic peripheral neuropathy, and diabetic cardiovascular complications. Current evidence indicates that hypoxia-inducible factor 1\u03b1 (HIF-1\u03b1)-driven glycolysis, ferroptosis-associated oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, dysregulated nutrient sensing, and inflammatory metabolic remodeling are shared across multiple diabetic complications. However, their downstream consequences are highly dependent on tissue-specific microenvironments and resident-cell composition. For example, HIF-1\u03b1-related glycolytic remodeling promotes macrophage-driven inflammation and fibrosis in diabetic kidney disease but contributes to M\u00fcller-cell-derived VEGF\/ANGPTL4 expression and pathological angiogenesis in diabetic retinopathy. Similarly, ferroptosis-associated lipid injury causes endothelial repair failure in diabetic foot ulcers but cardiomyocyte injury and cardiac remodeling in diabetic cardiovascular complications. These examples suggest that local oxygen status, metabolic demand, immune-cell composition, intercellular metabolic crosstalk, and tissue repair capacity reshape shared metabolic programs into organ-specific pathological outcomes, including filtration-barrier injury, vascular leakage, impaired wound healing, neuropathic injury, and cardiac dysfunction. Moreover, hyperglycemia-induced oxidative stress, inflammatory metabolic remodeling, and epigenetic alterations may persist after glycemic improvement and contribute to metabolic memory. By integrating evidence across organs and cell types, this review provides a new perspective for understanding why shared metabolic reprogramming in diabetes produces tissue-specific pathological outcomes. Therapeutic strategies should therefore combine glycemic control with interventions targeting both shared metabolic pathways and organ- or cell-specific pathogenic mechanisms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1874585","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]],"date-time":"2026-08-06T10:59:30Z","timestamp":1786013970000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Metabolic reprogramming in diabetic complications: mechanisms, pathologies, and molecular evidence from multi-organ studies"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Qian","family":"Gong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine","place":["Hefei, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine","place":["Hefei, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Xia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine","place":["Hefei, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhiwei","family":"Nie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine","place":["Hefei, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruifan","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine","place":["Hefei, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lingxiu","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine","place":["Hefei, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Changwu","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine","place":["Hefei, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yujiao","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine","place":["Hefei, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(25)00299-2","article-title":"11th edition of the IDF Diabetes Atlas: global, regional, and national diabetes prevalence estimates for 2024 and projections for 2050","volume":"14","author":"Genitsaridi","year":"2026","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1186\/s10020-024-00824-9","article-title":"An update on chronic complications of diabetes mellitus: from molecular mechanisms to therapeutic strategies with a focus on metabolic memory","volume":"30","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol Med"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26031094","article-title":"Type 2 diabetes mellitus: new pathogenetic mechanisms, treatment and the most important complications","volume":"26","author":"M\u0142ynarska","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00115.2024","article-title":"Update: the role of epigenetics in the metabolic memory of diabetic complications","volume":"327","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Renal Physiol"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-024-01954-6","article-title":"Metabolic regulation of the immune system in health and diseases: mechanisms and interventions","volume":"9","author":"Hu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Signal Transduct Target Ther"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1211221","article-title":"Interplay between metabolic reprogramming and post-translational modifications: from glycolysis to lactylation","volume":"14","author":"Wu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.54.6.1615","article-title":"The pathobiology of diabetic complications: a unifying mechanism","volume":"54","author":"Brownlee","year":"2005","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-025-02401-w","article-title":"Diabetes and its complications: molecular mechanisms, prevention and treatment","volume":"11","author":"Zhao","year":"2026","journal-title":"Signal Transduct Target Ther"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-024-06833-0","article-title":"Mitochondrial metabolic reprogramming in diabetic kidney disease","volume":"15","author":"Fan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.168825","article-title":"Glycolytic lactate in diabetic kidney disease","volume":"9","author":"Darshi","year":"2024","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0312452","article-title":"Activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and its correlation with inflammatory factors in diabetic retinopathy","volume":"19","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M115.699215","article-title":"Pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase-mediated glycolytic metabolic shift in the dorsal root ganglion drives painful diabetic neuropathy","volume":"291","author":"Rahman","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1530\/JOE-12-0356","article-title":"Decreased glycolytic and tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates coincide with peripheral nervous system oxidative stress in a murine model of type 2 diabetes","volume":"216","author":"Hinder","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Endocrinol"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.1985.248.4.E457","article-title":"Ischemic conduction failure and energy metabolism in experimental diabetic neuropathy","volume":"248","author":"Low","year":"1985","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21207676","article-title":"Sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors correct metabolic maladaptation of proximal tubular epithelial cells in high-glucose conditions","volume":"21","author":"Shirakawa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00109-019-01781-1","article-title":"Metabolomic signature of type 1 diabetes-induced sensory loss and nerve damage in diabetic neuropathy","volume":"97","author":"Rojas","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Mol Med (Berl)"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/CS20256032","article-title":"Targeting perilipin 5 ameliorates diabetic cardiomyopathy via regulating glycolysis and mitochondrial dynamics","volume":"140","author":"Zhou","year":"2026","journal-title":"Clin Sci (Lond)"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmolb.2025.1593390","article-title":"A comprehensive characterization of metabolic signatures\u2014hypoxia, glycolysis, and lactylation\u2014in non-healing diabetic foot ulcers","volume":"12","author":"Hu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Mol Biosci"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2025.103781","article-title":"Cell type-specific regulation of the pentose phosphate pathway during development and metabolic stress-driven autoimmune diseases: relevance for inflammatory liver, renal, endocrine, cardiovascular and neurobehavioral comorbidities, carcinogenesis, and aging","volume":"24","author":"Banki","year":"2025","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1261","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2022.02.028","article-title":"Hexokinase 1 cellular localization regulates the metabolic fate of glucose","volume":"82","author":"De Jesus","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol Cell"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s42255-023-00863-2","article-title":"The pentose phosphate pathway in health and disease","volume":"5","author":"TeSlaa","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Metab"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dmrr.3834","article-title":"Association of transketolase polymorphisms with diabetic polyneuropathy in the general population: the KORA F4 study","volume":"40","author":"Ziegler","year":"2024","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab Res Rev"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S3","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1755.2000.07702.x","article-title":"Aldose reductase and the role of the polyol pathway in diabetic nephropathy","volume":"77","author":"Dunlop","year":"2000","journal-title":"Kidney Int Suppl"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0026-0495(97)90165-7","article-title":"The effect of inhibition of aldose reductase on glucose flux, diacylglycerol formation, protein kinase C and phospholipase A2 activation","volume":"46","author":"Keogh","year":"1997","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1549484","article-title":"Targeting lipid metabolic reprogramming to alleviate diabetic kidney disease: molecular insights and therapeutic strategies","volume":"16","author":"Yu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.P040501","article-title":"Altered renal lipid metabolism and renal lipid accumulation in human diabetic nephropathy","volume":"55","author":"Herman-Edelstein","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Lipid Res"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-025-02638-3","article-title":"GPR30-driven fatty acid oxidation targeted by ginsenoside Rd maintains mitochondrial redox homeostasis to restore vascular barrier in diabetic retinopathy","volume":"24","author":"Tang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbc.2022.101660","article-title":"Peroxisome-generated succinate induces lipid accumulation and oxidative stress in the kidneys of diabetic mice","volume":"298","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.13856","article-title":"Branched-chain amino acid metabolism: pathophysiological mechanism and therapeutic intervention in metabolic diseases","volume":"26","author":"Mansoori","year":"2025","journal-title":"Obes Rev"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1080\/10408363.2017.1414143","article-title":"Serum and plasma amino acids as markers of prediabetes, insulin resistance, and incident diabetes","volume":"55","author":"Gar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202415667","article-title":"Targeted delivery of \u03b1-ketoglutarate to macrophages in bone: a novel therapeutic strategy for improving fracture healing in type 2 diabetes","volume":"12","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv Sci (Weinh)"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1186\/s13000-024-01556-4","article-title":"PSAT1 is upregulated by METTL3 to attenuate high glucose-induced retinal pigment epithelial cell apoptosis and oxidative stress","volume":"19","author":"Du","year":"2024","journal-title":"Diagn Pathol"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jdi.70011","article-title":"YY2 mediates transcriptional repression of PHGDH and expedites oxidative stress in retinal pigment epithelial cells in diabetic retinopathy","volume":"16","author":"Lei","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Diabetes Investig"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2024.156037","article-title":"Disruption of branched-chain amino acid homeostasis promotes the progression of DKD via enhancing inflammation and fibrosis-associated epithelial\u2013mesenchymal transition","volume":"162","author":"Deng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2025.116699","article-title":"Reprogramming of lipid and amino acid metabolism is an early event in the myocardium of type 1 diabetic rhesus monkeys","volume":"258","author":"Zhu","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Pharm BioMed Anal"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.66.6.59","article-title":"BCAT1 activation reprograms branched-chain amino acid metabolism and epigenetically promotes inflammation in diabetic retinopathy","volume":"66","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/db14-0874","article-title":"Mitochondrial hormesis and diabetic complications","volume":"64","author":"Sharma","year":"2015","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.86976","article-title":"Tissue-specific metabolic reprogramming drives nutrient flux in diabetic complications","volume":"1","author":"Sas","year":"2016","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1038\/s41420-025-02650-2","article-title":"P16-positive senescent cells promote DKD by the dysregulation of glycolysis and mitochondrial metabolism","volume":"11","author":"Lu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell Death Discov"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2025.05.431","article-title":"Mito-TEMPO ameliorates tubular injury of diabetic nephropathy via inhibiting mt-dsRNA release and PKR\/eIF2\u03b1 pathway activation","volume":"237","author":"Duan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Free Radic Biol Med"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.2337\/db25-0496","article-title":"\u03b2-Hydroxybutyrylation links ketone metabolism to mitochondrial remodeling in diabetic cardiomyopathy","volume":"75","author":"Jing","year":"2026","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108109","article-title":"Immunometabolic reprogramming of macrophages: emerging roles in skeletal muscle regeneration and therapeutic perspectives","volume":"224","author":"Li","year":"2026","journal-title":"Pharmacol Res"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1731995","article-title":"Immunometabolic reprogramming in sepsis: mechanisms, clinical endotypes, and therapeutic opportunities","volume":"17","author":"Liu","year":"2026","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1186\/s40001-024-02069-y","article-title":"Metabolic reprogramming of macrophages in the context of type 2 diabetes","volume":"29","author":"Witcoski Junior","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur J Med Res"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.19852\/j.cnki.jtcm.2025.03.009","article-title":"Exploring the mechanism of Shenhua tablet alleviating renal injury by regulating macrophage glycolysis hypoxia-inducible factor-1\u03b1\/pyruvate kinase M2 signaling pathway in diabetic kidney disease mice","volume":"45","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Tradit Chin Med"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00011-020-01411-4","article-title":"TAB1 regulates glycolysis and activation of macrophages in diabetic nephropathy","volume":"69","author":"Zeng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Inflammation Res"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.202403014R","article-title":"m6A demethylase Fto inhibited macrophage activation and glycolysis in diabetic nephropathy via m6A\/Npas2\/Hif-1\u03b1 axis","volume":"39","author":"Zhu","year":"2025","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.942768","article-title":"Integrated multi-omics reveals the activated retinal microglia with intracellular metabolic reprogramming contributes to inflammation in STZ-induced early diabetic retinopathy","volume":"13","author":"Lv","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2026.04.033","article-title":"Adhesive polyethylene glycol hydrogels with metformin enabling in-situ drug delivery reprogramming immuno-metabolism for tissue repair in diabetic foot ulcers","volume":"216","author":"Chen","year":"2026","journal-title":"Acta Biomater"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-024-01755-x","article-title":"Metabolic memory: mechanisms and diseases","volume":"9","author":"Dong","year":"2024","journal-title":"Signal Transduct Target Ther"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2026.112008","article-title":"Trained immunity in diabetic kidney disease: a hypothesis for metabolic memory and therapeutic targeting","volume":"212","author":"Liao","year":"2026","journal-title":"Med Hypotheses"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1603712113","article-title":"Epigenomic profiling reveals an association between persistence of DNA methylation and metabolic memory in the DCCT\/EDIC type 1 diabetes cohort","volume":"113","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/db14-0675","article-title":"Role for Tet in hyperglycemia-induced demethylation: a novel mechanism of diabetic metabolic memory","volume":"63","author":"Ding","year":"2014","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.12-10854","article-title":"Epigenetic modification of Sod2 in the development of diabetic retinopathy and in the metabolic memory: role of histone methylation","volume":"54","author":"Zhong","year":"2013","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2014.07.001","article-title":"Epigenetic modifications of Nrf2-mediated glutamate-cysteine ligase: implications for the development of diabetic retinopathy and the metabolic memory phenomenon associated with its continued progression","volume":"75","author":"Mishra","year":"2014","journal-title":"Free Radic Biol Med"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.26508\/lsa.202302382","article-title":"Reversal of high-glucose-induced transcriptional and epigenetic memories through NRF2 pathway activation","volume":"7","author":"Wilson-Verdugo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Life Sci Alliance"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00031.2024","article-title":"Ferroptosis: when metabolism meets cell death","volume":"105","author":"Zheng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1545339","article-title":"Lipid metabolism in ferroptosis: mechanistic insights and therapeutic potential","volume":"16","author":"Sun","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2023.175967","article-title":"Metformin alleviates glucolipotoxicity-induced pancreatic \u03b2-cell ferroptosis through regulation of the GPX4\/ACSL4 axis","volume":"956","author":"Sun","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10018","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-54089-1","article-title":"Profiling of insulin-resistant kidney models and human biopsies reveals common and cell-type-specific mechanisms underpinning diabetic kidney disease","volume":"15","author":"Lay","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.970601","article-title":"Metabolic reprogramming: a novel therapeutic target in diabetic kidney disease","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1186\/s10020-025-01318-y","article-title":"Caffeic acid phenethyl ester protects renal tubular epithelial cells against ferroptosis in diabetic kidney disease via restoring PINK1-mediated mitophagy","volume":"31","author":"Lu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol Med"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-023-05078-y","article-title":"Mitochondrial oxidative damage reprograms lipid metabolism of renal tubular epithelial cells in the diabetic kidney","volume":"81","author":"Hou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Mol Life Sci"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trsl.2024.10.001","article-title":"RXR\u03b1\/MR signaling promotes diabetic kidney disease by facilitating renal tubular epithelial cell senescence and metabolic reprogramming","volume":"274","author":"Feng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Transl Res"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.202402534R","article-title":"Mechanism of TGR5 in ferroptosis of renal tubular epithelial cells in diabetes mellitus and the effect of notoginsenoside Ft1","volume":"39","author":"Xiao","year":"2025","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ddr.70044","article-title":"Naringenin inhibits ferroptosis in renal tubular epithelial cells of diabetic nephropathy through the SIRT1\/FOXO3a signaling pathway","volume":"86","author":"Zhou","year":"2025","journal-title":"Drug Dev Res"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines13061424","article-title":"Pathogenesis and therapeutic perspectives of tubular injury in diabetic kidney disease: an update","volume":"13","author":"Geng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2025.120157","article-title":"Qing-Re-Xiao-Zheng-(Yi-Qi) formula attenuates renal podocyte ferroptosis in diabetic kidney disease through the AMPK pathway","volume":"351","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Ethnopharmacol"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2024.103439","article-title":"Podocyte SIRP\u03b1 reduction in diabetic nephropathy aggravates podocyte injury by promoting pyruvate kinase M2 nuclear translocation","volume":"78","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Redox Biol"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12272-024-01521-1","article-title":"Curcumin targets CXCL16-mediated podocyte injury and lipid accumulation in diabetic kidney disease treatment","volume":"47","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Arch Pharm Res"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.0000000634","article-title":"PIEZO1-mediated calcium signaling and podocyte injury in diabetic kidney disease","volume":"36","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2025.01.011","article-title":"Podocyte aging and diabetic kidney disease","volume":"107","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2024.12.013","article-title":"G-protein coupled receptor GPR124 protects against podocyte senescence and injury in diabetic kidney disease","volume":"107","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/0886022X.2025.2484632","article-title":"miR-1225-3p regulates fibrosis in mesangial cells via SMURF2-mediated ubiquitination of ChREBP in diabetic kidney disease","volume":"47","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ren Fail"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/0886022X.2025.2520904","article-title":"Smurf2 knockdown attenuates the progression of diabetic nephropathy by inhibiting mesangial cell proliferation and fibrosis through suppressing EYA2 ubiquitination","volume":"47","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ren Fail"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tice.2025.102915","article-title":"Trim33 inhibited the growth and relieved the fibrosis of mesangial cells through inducing the ubiquitination degradation of Smad2","volume":"95","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Tissue Cell"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202407462","article-title":"GABP promotes mesangial cell proliferation and renal fibrosis through GLI1 in diabetic nephropathy","volume":"12","author":"Du","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv Sci (Weinh)"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfaf179","article-title":"IGFBP-5\/TGF-\u03b21-mediated crosstalk between endothelial and tubular epithelial cells promotes interstitial fibrosis","volume":"41","author":"Wang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-022-04803-y","article-title":"IGFBP5 promotes diabetic kidney disease progression by enhancing PFKFB3-mediated endothelial glycolysis","volume":"13","author":"Song","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-025-05718-5","article-title":"IGFBP5 promotes EndoMT and renal fibrosis through H3K18 lactylation in diabetic nephropathy","volume":"82","author":"Hu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell Mol Life Sci"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41401-024-01421-6","article-title":"Activation of MST1 protects filtration barrier integrity in diabetic kidney disease in mice through restoring the tight junctions of glomerular endothelial cells","volume":"46","author":"Yang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Acta Pharmacol Sin"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.0000000000000498","article-title":"Targeting Kr\u00fcppel-like factor 2 as a novel therapy for glomerular endothelial cell injury in diabetic kidney disease","volume":"36","author":"Min","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2024.117589","article-title":"Empagliflozin attenuates renal interstitial fibrosis in diabetic kidney disease by inhibiting lymphangiogenesis and lymphatic endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition via the VEGF-C\/VEGFR3 pathway","volume":"180","author":"Huang","year":"2024","journal-title":"BioMed Pharmacother"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1186\/s13098-025-01894-3","article-title":"Activation of M1 macrophages promotes diabetic kidney disease by modulating glycolysis via the HIF-1\u03b1\u2013HK2 signaling pathway","volume":"17","author":"Pei","year":"2025","journal-title":"Diabetol Metab Syndr"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1186\/s10020-022-00525-1","article-title":"Tubular epithelial cell-derived extracellular vesicles induce macrophage glycolysis by stabilizing HIF-1\u03b1 in diabetic kidney disease","volume":"28","author":"Jia","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol Med"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28258","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-79678-4","article-title":"A novel role of peroxiredoxin 2 in diabetic kidney disease progression by activating classically activated macrophages","volume":"14","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymthe.2025.10.009","article-title":"PAD4 promotes macrophage migration to aggravate tubulointerstitial injury in diabetic kidney disease","volume":"34","author":"Xiong","year":"2026","journal-title":"Mol Ther"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1521554","article-title":"Unveiling macrophage dynamics and efferocytosis-related targets in diabetic kidney disease: insights from single-cell and bulk RNA sequencing","volume":"16","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202504032","article-title":"Macrophage-derived galectin-3 promotes renal fibrosis and diabetic kidney disease by enhancing TGF\u03b21 signaling","volume":"12","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv Sci (Weinh)"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-025-02448-9","article-title":"Proliferative diabetic retinopathy subtypes defined by immune defense and endothelial mitochondrial dysfunction","volume":"10","author":"McCann","year":"2025","journal-title":"Signal Transduct Target Ther"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-023-02740-x","article-title":"Effects of diabetes on microglial physiology: a systematic review of in vitro, preclinical and clinical studies","volume":"20","author":"Vargas-Soria","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Neuroinflamm"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-024-03291-5","article-title":"The multifaceted role of vitreous hyalocytes: orchestrating inflammation, angiomodulation and erythrophagocytosis in proliferative diabetic retinopathy","volume":"21","author":"Boneva","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Neuroinflamm"},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.96946","article-title":"Targeting endothelial glycolytic reprogramming by tsRNA-1599 for ocular anti-angiogenesis therapy","volume":"14","author":"Han","year":"2024","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/db23-0885","article-title":"Regulation of AMPK and GAPDH by transglutaminase 2 plays a pivotal role in microvascular leakage in diabetic retinas","volume":"73","author":"Jeon","year":"2024","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells14020085","article-title":"ADAMTS13 improves endothelial function and reduces inflammation in diabetic retinopathy","volume":"14","author":"Abu El-Asrar","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/db22-0744","article-title":"Mitochondrial genome-encoded long noncoding RNA and mitochondrial stability in diabetic retinopathy","volume":"72","author":"Kumar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ncrna.2024.12.007","article-title":"DNA methylation of long noncoding RNA cytochrome B in diabetic retinopathy","volume":"11","author":"Kowluru","year":"2025","journal-title":"Non-coding RNA Res"},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells13221886","article-title":"Possible role of endothelial-derived cellular and exosomal miRNAs in lipid-mediated diabetic retinopathy: microarray studies","volume":"13","author":"Elmasry","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41401-025-01523-9","article-title":"Endothelial histone deacetylase 9 promotes diabetic retinopathy in mice by regulating endothelial\u2013mesenchymal transition","volume":"46","author":"Bei","year":"2025","journal-title":"Acta Pharmacol Sin"},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2024.112929","article-title":"Chlorogenic acid ameliorates non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy by alleviating retinal inflammation through targeting TNFR1 in retinal endothelial cells","volume":"141","author":"Ouyang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol"},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1332","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-55970-3","article-title":"Endothelial AGGF1 promotes retinal angiogenesis by coordinating TNFSF12\/FN14 signalling","volume":"16","author":"Cheng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.07-1643","article-title":"Role of the polyol pathway in high glucose-induced apoptosis of retinal pericytes and proliferation of endothelial cells","volume":"49","author":"Takamura","year":"2008","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0095561","article-title":"Identification of O-GlcNAc modification targets in mouse retinal pericytes: implication of p53 in pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy","volume":"9","author":"Gurel","year":"2014","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.11-7934","article-title":"High glucose induces mitochondrial morphology and metabolic changes in retinal pericytes","volume":"52","author":"Trudeau","year":"2011","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yexcr.2013.01.012","article-title":"Critical role of TXNIP in oxidative stress, DNA damage and retinal pericyte apoptosis under high glucose: implications for diabetic retinopathy","volume":"319","author":"Devi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Exp Cell Res"},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M115.682385","article-title":"High glucose-induced retinal pericyte apoptosis depends on association of GAPDH and Siah1","volume":"290","author":"Suarez","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2025.101357","article-title":"M\u00fcller cell trophism and pathology as the next therapeutic targets for retinal diseases","volume":"106","author":"Arrigo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Prog Retin Eye Res"},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2024.1513686","article-title":"M\u00fcller cells and retinal angiogenesis: critical regulators in health and disease","volume":"18","author":"Medina-Arellano","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Cell Neurosci"},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1007\/s10792-025-03681-5","article-title":"Ferroptosis in M\u00fcller cells under hyperglycemia: mechanisms and therapeutic implications for diabetic retinopathy-associated optic neuroinflammation","volume":"45","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int Ophthalmol"},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2024.1490443","article-title":"Dipeptide alanine-glutamine ameliorates retinal neurodegeneration in an STZ-induced rat model","volume":"15","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1186\/s13098-024-01282-3","article-title":"Single-cell RNA sequencing reveals roles of unique retinal microglia types in early diabetic retinopathy","volume":"16","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Diabetol Metab Syndr"},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2025.03.042","article-title":"STING immune activation of microglia aggravating neurovascular unit damage in diabetic retinopathy","volume":"233","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Free Radic Biol Med"},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2025.101349","article-title":"Microglial regulation of the retinal vasculature in health and during the pathology associated with diabetes","volume":"106","author":"Jobling","year":"2025","journal-title":"Prog Retin Eye Res"},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2025.114219","article-title":"Parthenolide ameliorates diabetic retinopathy by suppressing microglia-induced M\u00fcller cell gliosis and inflammation via NF-\u03baB signalling","volume":"151","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol"},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2025.1609796","article-title":"Interleukin-4 prevents increased endothelial permeability by inducing pericyte survival and modulating microglial responses in diabetic retinopathy","volume":"16","author":"Yun","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2024.107505","article-title":"Mechanism and therapeutic targets of circulating immune cells in diabetic retinopathy","volume":"210","author":"Zhao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pharmacol Res"},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.2337\/db24-0691","article-title":"N6-methyladenosine demethylase FTO controls macrophage homeostasis in diabetic vasculopathy","volume":"74","author":"Feng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2024.103449","article-title":"Macrophage metabolic reprogramming ameliorates diabetes-induced microvascular dysfunction","volume":"79","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Redox Biol"},{"key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-024-06038-1","article-title":"Identification of macrophage polarisation and mitochondria-related biomarkers in diabetic retinopathy","volume":"23","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Transl Med"},{"key":"B120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1186\/s40246-025-00730-z","article-title":"Exploring the hepatic-ophthalmic axis through immune modulation and cellular dynamics in diabetic retinopathy and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"19","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Hum Genomics"},{"key":"B121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/burnst\/tkae065","article-title":"Single-cell RNA sequencing reveals the impaired epidermal differentiation and pathological microenvironment in diabetic foot ulcer","volume":"13","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Burns Trauma"},{"key":"B122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1186\/s13062-025-00628-9","article-title":"Single-cell RNA sequencing reveals a new mechanism of endothelial cell heterogeneity and healing in diabetic foot ulcers","volume":"20","author":"Zhao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biol Direct"},{"key":"B123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.113440","article-title":"Immune microenvironment and fibroblast subpopulation in diabetic wound healing","volume":"28","author":"Gan","year":"2025","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"B124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/burnst\/tkaf063","article-title":"Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors-mediated diabetic wound healing regulates endothelial cells' mitochondrial function via sonic hedgehog signaling","volume":"13","author":"Rui","year":"2025","journal-title":"Burns Trauma"},{"key":"B125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.97150","article-title":"Mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles accelerate diabetic wound healing by inhibiting NET-induced ferroptosis of endothelial cells","volume":"20","author":"Lu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Biol Sci"},{"key":"B126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2025.123640","article-title":"A multifunctional hydrogel promotes diabetic wound healing by remodeling iron balance and energy metabolism","volume":"326","author":"Jin","year":"2026","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"B127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jbt.70437","article-title":"Luteolin alleviates diabetic foot ulcers through improving KDM4C\/ITGA1-mediated functional impairments of AGEs-induced senescent endothelial cell","volume":"39","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Biochem Mol Toxicol"},{"key":"B128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11427-023-2688-8","article-title":"Increase of PCSK9 expression in diabetes promotes VEGFR2 ubiquitination to inhibit endothelial function and skin wound healing","volume":"67","author":"Gao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci China Life Sci"},{"key":"B129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/DMSO.S496556","article-title":"Inhibition of microRNA-139-5p improves fibroblasts viability and enhances wound repair in diabetic rats through AP-1 (c-Fos\/c-Jun)","volume":"18","author":"Mo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes"},{"key":"B130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1186\/s12929-024-01113-7","article-title":"miR-200c inhibition and catalase accelerate diabetic wound healing","volume":"32","author":"D'Agostino","year":"2025","journal-title":"J BioMed Sci"},{"key":"B131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1038\/s41420-023-01725-2","article-title":"PDK4 rescues high-glucose-induced senescent fibroblasts and promotes diabetic wound healing through enhancing glycolysis and regulating YAP and JNK pathway","volume":"9","author":"Ma","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Death Discov"},{"key":"B132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox14010015","article-title":"Pinitol improves diabetic foot ulcers in streptozotocin-induced diabetes rats through upregulation of Nrf2\/HO-1 signaling","volume":"14","author":"Kim","year":"2025","journal-title":"Antioxidants (Basel)"},{"key":"B133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellsig.2025.111936","article-title":"ADSC exosomes improve high glucose induced fibroblast oxidative stress injury and accelerate DFU wound healing via regulating the Keap1\/Nrf2 axis","volume":"134","author":"Tian","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell Signal"},{"key":"B134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00592-024-02422-x","article-title":"Adipose mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles regulate PINK1\/parkin-mediated mitophagy to repair high glucose-induced dermal fibroblast senescence and promote wound healing in rats with diabetic foot ulcer","volume":"62","author":"Luo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Acta Diabetol"},{"key":"B135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1038\/s41420-023-01437-7","article-title":"Defective NCOA4-dependent ferroptosis in senescent fibroblasts retards diabetic wound healing","volume":"9","author":"Wei","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Death Discov"},{"key":"B136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1080\/13813455.2024.2358020","article-title":"Keratinocyte-derived small extracellular vesicles delay diabetic wound healing by triggering fibroblasts autophagy","volume":"131","author":"Hong","year":"2025","journal-title":"Arch Physiol Biochem"},{"key":"B137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2024.167640","article-title":"Exosomes derived from fibroblasts in DFUs delay wound healing by delivering miR-93-5p to target macrophage ATG16L1","volume":"1871","author":"Xu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis"},{"key":"B138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4239\/wjd.v15.i12.2384","article-title":"Relevance of macrophages in the wound healing process among individuals afflicted with diabetic foot ulcers","volume":"15","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"World J Diabetes"},{"key":"B139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17233","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-00673-4","article-title":"Dysfunctional crosstalk between macrophages and fibroblasts under LPS-infected and hyperglycemic environment in diabetic wounds","volume":"15","author":"Sharma","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtbio.2025.102119","article-title":"AhR deficiency exacerbates inflammation in diabetic wounds via impaired mitophagy and cGAS-STING-NLRP3 activation: therapeutic potential of hydrogels loaded with FICZ","volume":"34","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mater Today Bio"},{"key":"B141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2025.114575","article-title":"IL-27 accelerates diabetic wound healing by modulating macrophage polarization","volume":"155","author":"Tao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol"},{"key":"B142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tice.2025.103044","article-title":"Identification of anti-inflammatory M2-like macrophages in diabetic foot ulcer","volume":"97","author":"Trujillo-Paez","year":"2025","journal-title":"Tissue Cell"},{"key":"B143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2025.1634262","article-title":"The distinct effects of metformin and imeglimin on high glucose-induced alterations in metabolic function and reactive oxygen species production in mouse Schwann cells are modulated by pemafibrate and\/or fatty acid-binding proteins","volume":"19","author":"Ohguro","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Cell Neurosci"},{"key":"B144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4170","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-59562-z","article-title":"Dysregulated mast cell activation induced by diabetic milieu exacerbates the progression of diabetic peripheral neuropathy in mice","volume":"16","author":"Yao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202414547","article-title":"Maladaptive peripheral ketogenesis in Schwann cells mediated by CB1R contributes to diabetic neuropathy","volume":"12","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv Sci (Weinh)"},{"key":"B146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-024-04311-4","article-title":"Resveratrol modulates diabetes-induced neuropathic pain, apoptosis, and oxidative neurotoxicity in mice through TRPV4 channel inhibition","volume":"61","author":"Osmanl\u0131o\u011flu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol Neurobiol"},{"key":"B147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.70571","article-title":"Plantamajoside promotes the NGF\/TrkA pathway to inhibit neuronal apoptosis and improve diabetic peripheral neuropathy","volume":"29","author":"Hai","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Cell Mol Med"},{"key":"B148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells14060393","article-title":"Role of galactosylceramide metabolism in satellite glial cell dysfunction and neuron-glia interactions in painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy","volume":"14","author":"Xu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"B149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4168","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-59538-z","article-title":"Nageotte nodules in human dorsal root ganglia reveal neurodegeneration in diabetic peripheral neuropathy","volume":"16","author":"Shiers","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-025-04754-3","article-title":"Activation of the NR2A-Wnt-TLR2 signaling axis in satellite glial cells of the dorsal root ganglion contributes to neuropathic pain induced by nerve injury in diabetic mice","volume":"62","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol Neurobiol"},{"key":"B151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acschemneuro.5c00021","article-title":"Mesencephalic astrocyte-derived neurotrophic factor (MANF) restricts inflammatory progression through limiting macrophage infiltration in DRG and sciatic nerve during diabetic peripheral neuropathy","volume":"16","author":"Dai","year":"2025","journal-title":"ACS Chem Neurosci"},{"key":"B152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2024.1531209","article-title":"Immortalized Schwann cell lines as useful tools for pathogenesis-based therapeutic approaches to diabetic peripheral neuropathy","volume":"15","author":"Sango","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"key":"B153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2022.114059","article-title":"Inhibiting apoptosis of Schwann cell under the high-glucose condition: a promising approach to treat diabetic peripheral neuropathy using Chinese herbal medicine","volume":"157","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"BioMed Pharmacother"},{"key":"B154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-024-04200-1","article-title":"HDAC1 promotes mitochondrial pathway apoptosis and inhibits the endoplasmic reticulum stress response in high glucose-treated Schwann cells via decreased U4 spliceosomal RNA","volume":"49","author":"Jin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neurochem Res"},{"key":"B155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2025.115273","article-title":"SDF2L1 downregulation mediates high glucose-caused Schwann cell dysfunction by inhibiting nuclear import of TFEB and CREB via KPNA3","volume":"390","author":"Jin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Exp Neurol"},{"key":"B156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2024.102020","article-title":"Arginine deprivation\/citrulline augmentation with ADI-PEG20 as novel therapy for complications in type 2 diabetes","volume":"89","author":"Abdelrahman","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol Metab"},{"key":"B157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1186\/s40842-025-00247-3","article-title":"Chronic hyperglycemia and cardiovascular dysfunction: an in-depth exploration of metabolic and cellular pathways in type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"11","author":"Hussain","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol Endocrinol Rep"},{"key":"B158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dbi23-0019","article-title":"Redefining diabetic cardiomyopathy: perturbations in substrate metabolism at the heart of its pathology","volume":"73","author":"Heather","year":"2024","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"B159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.13761","article-title":"Therapeutic targeting of Decr1 ameliorates cardiomyopathy by suppressing mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation in diabetic mice","volume":"16","author":"Lu","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"B160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1038\/s41420-024-02044-w","article-title":"Regulation of cardiac ferroptosis in diabetic human heart failure: uncovering molecular pathways and key targets","volume":"10","author":"Gawargi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Death Discov"},{"key":"B161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-024-02469-8","article-title":"Fibroblast growth factor 21 improves diabetic cardiomyopathy by inhibiting ferroptosis via the ferritin pathway","volume":"23","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"key":"B162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1181","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-36837-x","article-title":"Retinol dehydrogenase 10 reduction mediated retinol metabolism disorder promotes diabetic cardiomyopathy in male mice","volume":"14","author":"Wu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/DMSO.S565805","article-title":"Endothelial metabolic reprogramming links diabetes to atherosclerosis","volume":"19","author":"Pan","year":"2026","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes"},{"key":"B164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox14020172","article-title":"PFKFB3 connects glycolytic metabolism with endothelial dysfunction in human and rodent obesity","volume":"14","author":"Batori","year":"2025","journal-title":"Antioxidants (Basel)"},{"key":"B165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-024-02473-y","article-title":"Endothelial KLF11 is a novel protector against diabetic atherosclerosis","volume":"23","author":"Zhao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"key":"B166","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-024-02458-x","article-title":"Spatial multiomics atlas reveals smooth muscle phenotypic transformation and metabolic reprogramming in diabetic macroangiopathy","volume":"23","author":"Qian","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"key":"B167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4093\/dmj.2024.0588","article-title":"E2F5 accelerates vascular smooth muscle cell phenotype switching in diabetic atherosclerosis through activating the Wnt\/\u03b2-catenin pathway","volume":"50","author":"Di","year":"2026","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab J"},{"key":"B168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/6850187","article-title":"Advanced glycation end products induce vascular smooth muscle cell-derived foam cell formation and transdifferentiate to a macrophage-like state","volume":"2020","author":"Bao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mediators Inflammation"},{"key":"B169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvae102","article-title":"miR-369-3p ameliorates diabetes-associated atherosclerosis by regulating macrophage succinate-GPR91 signalling","volume":"120","author":"Rawal","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Res"},{"key":"B170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202500141","article-title":"Lactate-activated GPR132-Src signal induces macrophage senescence and aggravates atherosclerosis under diabetes","volume":"12","author":"Ge","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv Sci (Weinh)"},{"key":"B171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.2337\/db22-0962","article-title":"Hematopoietic NLRP3 and AIM2 inflammasomes promote diabetes-accelerated atherosclerosis, but increased necrosis is independent of pyroptosis","volume":"72","author":"Hsu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Diabetes"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Immunology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1874585\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]],"date-time":"2026-08-06T10:59:33Z","timestamp":1786013973000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1874585\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]]},"references-count":171,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1874585"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1874585","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-3224"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-3224","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]]},"article-number":"1874585"}}