{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T20:15:23Z","timestamp":1790626523712,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":180,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787270400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Viral burden or pathogen identity alone cannot adequately explain the progression of severe viral pneumonia from a compartmentalized respiratory infection to acute respiratory distress syndrome, multi-organ failure, and death. Maladaptive immunity, endothelial damage, and coagulation dysregulation are all functionally integrated in a host-driven pathological mechanism that mediates disease escalation. Systemic microvascular damage and pulmonary inflammation are linked by immune-endothelial-coagulation interaction. This review investigates the ways in which immunothrombosis and microcirculatory dysfunction are propagated by defective antiviral immunity, alveolar\u2013capillary barrier failure, damage-associated molecular pattern and neutrophil extracellular trap release, endothelial glycocalyx degradation, complement\u2013platelet interactions, coagulation cascade activation, and impaired fibrinolysis. Lung-derived inflammatory signals cause endothelial activation and procoagulant reprogramming in distal organs following systemic dissemination, resulting in organ-specific phenotypes such as acute kidney injury, secondary myocardial injury, ARDS in the lung, neurovascular unit dysfunction, and barrier-disruption-associated inflammatory amplification along the liver\u2013gut axis. This framework may provide a rationale for exploring stage-adapted and phenotype-guided approaches to severe viral pneumonia, including early antiviral therapy, immunomodulation during disease progression, endothelial\u2013coagulation axis targeting, and host-directed strategies. Further longitudinal cohorts, multi-omics analyses, mechanism-based stratification studies, and mechanism-embedded clinical trials will be needed to determine whether immune\u2013endothelial\u2013coagulation coupling can be translated from a mechanistic model into a clinically actionable framework for precision intervention.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1878054","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T10:52:51Z","timestamp":1787309571000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Immune\u2013endothelial\u2013coagulation crosstalk as a driver of multi-organ dysfunction in severe viral pneumonia"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Yuehui","family":"Jia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, Jiaxing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine","place":["Zhejiang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yide","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University","place":["Kunming, Yunnan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiabao","family":"Liao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emergency Department, Jiaxing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine","place":["Jiaxing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fei","family":"Qu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, Jiaxing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine","place":["Zhejiang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanming","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine","place":["Yunnan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chunxiang","family":"Niu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, Jiaxing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine","place":["Zhejiang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Feng","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, Jiaxing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine","place":["Zhejiang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-023-00919-w","article-title":"Respiratory syncytial virus infection and novel interventions","volume":"21","author":"Langedijk","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-025-02127-9","article-title":"Advances in acute respiratory distress syndrome: focusing on heterogeneity, pathophysiology, and therapeutic strategies","volume":"10","author":"Ma","year":"2025","journal-title":"Signal Transduction Targeted Ther"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xcrm.2023.101079","article-title":"Multi-omic longitudinal study reveals immune correlates of clinical course among hospitalized COVID-19 patients","volume":"4","author":"Diray-Arce","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Rep Med"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2025.05.020","article-title":"A conserved immune dysregulation signature is associated with infection severity, risk factors prior to infection, and treatment response","volume":"58","author":"Ganesan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6380","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-42140-6","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 infection of human lung epithelial cells induces TMPRSS-mediated acute fibrin deposition","volume":"14","author":"Erickson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.adi6887","article-title":"PI3K\u03b3 inhibition circumvents inflammation and vascular leak in SARS-CoV-2 and other infections","volume":"16","author":"Shepard","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4953","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.08.016","article-title":"The interferon landscape along the respiratory tract impacts the severity of COVID-19","volume":"184","author":"Sposito","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-55272-0","article-title":"Neutrophil adhesion to vessel walls impairs pulmonary circulation in COVID-19 pathology","volume":"16","author":"Ueki","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1410","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2023.05.007","article-title":"Multi-omics blood atlas reveals unique features of immune and platelet responses to SARS-CoV-2 Omicron breakthrough infection","volume":"56","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2530","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2024.08.018","article-title":"Antiviral innate immune memory in alveolar macrophages following SARS-CoV-2 infection ameliorates secondary influenza A virus disease","volume":"57","author":"Lercher","year":"2024","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adt7589","article-title":"Endothelial CLEC5A drives barrier dysfunction and vascular leakage responsible for lung injury in bacterial pneumonia and sepsis","volume":"11","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci Adv"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rpth.2023.102276","article-title":"Activation of coagulation FXI promotes endothelial inflammation and amplifies platelet activation in a nonhuman primate model of hyperlipidemia","volume":"8","author":"Kohs","year":"2024","journal-title":"Res Pract Thromb Haemostasis"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.adu2825","article-title":"Platelet-derived integrin- and tetraspanin-enriched tethers exacerbate severe inflammation","volume":"391","author":"Kusch","year":"2026","journal-title":"Sci (New York NY)"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1186\/s12979-025-00552-6","article-title":"Activation of aryl hydrocarbon receptor signaling by indole-3-lactic acid from Bacillus velezensis DS2 reinforces gut mucosal immunity and attenuates inflammaging in aged mice","volume":"23","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Immun Ageing I A"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2024.1425547","article-title":"COVID-19: a multi-organ perspective","volume":"14","author":"Guarienti","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1599639","article-title":"Thromboinflammation vs. immunothrombosis: strategies for overcoming anticoagulant resistance in COVID-19 and other hyperinflammatory diseases. Is ROTEM helpful or not","volume":"16","author":"Almskog","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-024-01933-x","article-title":"Neutrophil extracellular traps in homeostasis and disease","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Signal Transduction Targeted Ther"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abc6027","article-title":"Impaired type I interferon activity and inflammatory responses in severe COVID-19 patients","volume":"369","author":"Hadjadj","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci (New York NY)"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-020-0343-0","article-title":"COVID-19: the vasculature unleashed","volume":"20","author":"Teuwen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4235","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-48589-3","article-title":"Vascular endothelial-derived SPARCL1 exacerbates viral pneumonia through pro-inflammatory macrophage activation","volume":"15","author":"Zhao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-022-00762-9","article-title":"Understanding COVID-19-associated coagulopathy","volume":"22","author":"Conway","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-018-0002-y","article-title":"Influenza","volume":"4","author":"Krammer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v12060637","article-title":"Innate immune components that regulate the pathogenesis and resolution of hRSV and hMPV infections","volume":"12","author":"Andrade","year":"2020","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13052-024-01836-1","article-title":"Immunological pathogenesis and treatment progress of adenovirus pneumonia in children","volume":"51","author":"Liang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ital J Pediatr"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2021.619690","article-title":"Endothelial cells in emerging viral infections","volume":"8","author":"Fosse","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Cardiovasc Med"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41418-021-00805-z","article-title":"Patients with COVID-19: in the dark-NETs of neutrophils","volume":"28","author":"Ackermann","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-020-0331-4","article-title":"Pathological inflammation in patients with COVID-19: a key role for monocytes and macrophages","volume":"20","author":"Merad","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1038\/s41581-020-00357-4","article-title":"Immunity, endothelial injury and complement-induced coagulopathy in COVID-19","volume":"17","author":"Perico","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Rev Nephrol"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-0968-3","article-title":"Extrapulmonary manifestations of COVID-19","volume":"26","author":"Gupta","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200909-1420OC","article-title":"Lung pathology in fatal novel human influenza A (H1N1) infection","volume":"181","author":"Mauad","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(14)70131-6","article-title":"The role of influenza in the severity and transmission of respiratory bacterial disease","volume":"2","author":"Mina","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/irv.12470","article-title":"The hidden burden of influenza: a review of the extra-pulmonary complications of influenza infection","volume":"11","author":"Sellers","year":"2017","journal-title":"Influenza Other Respir Viruses"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.02152","article-title":"Host components contributing to respiratory syncytial virus pathogenesis","volume":"10","author":"Carvajal","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2013.05.005","article-title":"Protective and dysregulated T cell immunity in RSV infection","volume":"3","author":"Openshaw","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr Opin Virol"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/367901","article-title":"Human metapneumovirus infections in young and elderly adults","volume":"187","author":"Falsey","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v17081140","article-title":"Human metapneumovirus: a narrative review on emerging strategies for prevention and treatment","volume":"17","author":"Principi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bj.2021.08.009","article-title":"Human adenovirus infections in pediatric population - an update on clinico-pathologic correlation","volume":"45","author":"Shieh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomed J"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.878161","article-title":"Human adenovirus associated hepatic injury","volume":"10","author":"Zheng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2169\/internalmedicine.8413-21","article-title":"Pneumonia and meningoencephalitis due to varicella-zoster virus reinfection and Epstein-Barr virus reactivation in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"61","author":"Ito","year":"2022","journal-title":"Internal Med (Tokyo Japan)"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20163865","article-title":"Cytomegalovirus (CMV) pneumonitis: cell tropism, inflammation, and immunity","volume":"20","author":"Fonseca Brito","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0885066620965941","article-title":"Herpes simplex virus type 1 pneumonia-a review","volume":"36","author":"Jellinge","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2022.05.034","article-title":"Comparative clinical manifestations and immune effects of cytomegalovirus infections following distinct types of immunosuppression","volume":"28","author":"Ong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infection Off Publ Eur Soc Clin Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.151527","article-title":"Tie2 activation protects against prothrombotic endothelial dysfunction in COVID-19","volume":"6","author":"Schmaier","year":"2021","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.151527","article-title":"Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome","volume":"162","author":"Macneil","year":"2011","journal-title":"Virus Res"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2014.00727","article-title":"The fundamental role of endothelial cells in hantavirus pathogenesis","volume":"5","author":"Hepojoki","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v13081553","article-title":"Coagulopathy in acute Puumala hantavirus infection","volume":"13","author":"Koskela","year":"2021","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2022.105693","article-title":"The pathogenesis of Nipah virus: a review","volume":"170","author":"Devnath","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microb Pathogen"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.4c06172","article-title":"Fluorogenic peptide sensor array derived from angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 classifies severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 variants of concern","volume":"146","author":"Dou","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Am Chem Soc"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.701443","article-title":"Abnormal airway mucus secretion induced by virus infection","volume":"12","author":"Li","year":"2021"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2023.1207568","article-title":"Pediatric adenovirus pneumonia: clinical practice and current treatment","volume":"10","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Med"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-021-00582-z","article-title":"Pathogenesis of human cytomegalovirus in the immunocompromised host","volume":"19","author":"Griffiths","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15252\/embj.2022112907","article-title":"Viral recognition and the antiviral interferon response","volume":"42","author":"Dalskov","year":"2023","journal-title":"EMBO J"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2025.115531","article-title":"Alveolar macrophages critically control infection by seasonal human coronavirus OC43 to avoid severe pneumonia","volume":"44","author":"Zhong","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1395809","article-title":"Respiratory syncytial virus NS1 inhibits anti-viral interferon-\u03b1-induced JAK\/STAT signaling, by limiting the nuclear translocation of STAT1","volume":"15","author":"Efstathiou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1186\/s13073-021-00881-3","article-title":"IFN-\u03b3 and TNF-\u03b1 drive a CXCL10+ CCL2+ macrophage phenotype expanded in severe COVID-19 lungs and inflammatory diseases with tissue inflammation","volume":"13","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Genome Med"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/8997709","article-title":"D-dimer, CRP, PCT, and IL-6 levels at admission to ICU can predict in-hospital mortality in patients with COVID-19 pneumonia","volume":"2022","author":"Milenkovic","year":"2022","journal-title":"Oxid Med Cell Longevity"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adv0079","article-title":"NLRP3 inflammasome-driven hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis occurs independent of IL-1\u03b2 and IL-18 and is targetable by BET inhibitors","volume":"11","author":"Shojaee","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci Adv"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)00439-6","article-title":"Acute respiratory distress syndrome","volume":"398","author":"Meyer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet (London England)"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mucimm.2025.02.002","article-title":"Influenza virus-induced type I interferons disrupt alveolar epithelial repair and tight junction integrity in the developing lung","volume":"18","author":"Onufer","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.188325","article-title":"The lectin-like domain of TNF reduces pneumonia-induced injury in the perfused human lung","volume":"10","author":"Maishan","year":"2025","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1038\/s41401-022-00998-0","article-title":"Endothelial dysfunction in COVID-19: an overview of evidence, biomarkers, mechanisms and potential therapies","volume":"44","author":"Xu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acta Pharmacol Sin"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10456-021-09805-6","article-title":"COVID-19 is a systemic vascular hemopathy: insight for mechanistic and clinical aspects","volume":"24","author":"Smadja","year":"2021","journal-title":"Angiogenesis"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-021-00816-9","article-title":"Signaling pathways and intervention therapies in sepsis","volume":"6","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Signal Transduction Targeted Ther"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.27627","article-title":"The mechanism of multiple organ dysfunction syndrome in patients with COVID-19","volume":"94","author":"Zhao","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-biochem-032620-104401","article-title":"Mitochondrial DNA release in innate immune signaling","volume":"92","author":"Newman","year":"2023","journal-title":"Annu Rev Biochem"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.121.316101","article-title":"Endothelial injury in COVID-19 and acute infections: putting the pieces of the puzzle together","volume":"41","author":"Levy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis Vasc Biol"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41423-023-01086-x","article-title":"Mitochondrial DNA-triggered innate immune response: mechanisms and diseases","volume":"20","author":"Hu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Mol Immunol"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MOH.0000000000000666","article-title":"Mechanisms of immunothrombosis in COVID-19","volume":"28","author":"Portier","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr Opin Hematol"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-021-00536-9","article-title":"Endothelial dysfunction and immunothrombosis as key pathogenic mechanisms in COVID-19","volume":"21","author":"Bonaventura","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.120.315595","article-title":"Vascular endothelial damage in the pathogenesis of organ injury in severe COVID-19","volume":"41","author":"Dupont","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis Vasc Biol"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtha.2023.09.022","article-title":"COVID-19 promotes endothelial dysfunction and thrombogenicity: role of proinflammatory cytokines\/SGLT2 prooxidant pathway","volume":"22","author":"Mroueh","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Thromb Haemostasis JTH"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1443932","article-title":"Challenging the notion of endothelial infection by SARS-CoV-2: insights from the current scientific evidence","volume":"16","author":"Subramaniam","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2023.1285898","article-title":"Endothelial activation and damage as a common pathological substrate in different pathologies and cell therapy complications","volume":"10","author":"Palomo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Med"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24098237","article-title":"Endotheliopathy in acute COVID-19 and long COVID","volume":"24","author":"Vassiliou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.649122","article-title":"Thromboplasminflammation in COVID-19 coagulopathy: three viewpoints for diagnostic and therapeutic strategies","volume":"12","author":"Gando","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11121972","article-title":"Vascular endothelial glycocalyx damage and potential targeted therapy in COVID-19","volume":"11","author":"Zha","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2022.898592","article-title":"Endothelial glycocalyx degradation in critical illness and injury","volume":"9","author":"Patterson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Med"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1177\/08850666221109186","article-title":"Biomarkers of glycocalyx injury and endothelial activation are associated with clinical outcomes in patients with sepsis: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"38","author":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Sarmiento","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.147472","article-title":"COVID-19 generates hyaluronan fragments that directly induce endothelial barrier dysfunction","volume":"6","author":"Queisser","year":"2021","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14728222.2021.1988928","article-title":"Endothelial dysfunction: a therapeutic target in bacterial sepsis","volume":"25","author":"Vincent","year":"2021","journal-title":"Expert Opin Ther Targets"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2021012250","article-title":"Vasculopathy in COVID-19","volume":"140","author":"Flaumenhaft","year":"2022","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jth.15451","article-title":"Tissue factor upregulation is associated with SARS-CoV-2 in the lungs of COVID-19 patients","volume":"19","author":"Subrahmanian","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Thromb Haemostasis JTH"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ijlh.13855","article-title":"Automated measurement of coagulation and fibrinolytic activation markers: outcomes in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients","volume":"44","author":"Gardiner","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Labor Hematol"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jth.15327","article-title":"Biomarkers of coagulation, endothelial function, and fibrinolysis in critically ill patients with COVID-19: a single-center prospective longitudinal study","volume":"19","author":"Juneja","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Thromb Haemostasis JTH"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00277-023-05234-1","article-title":"Status of major hemostatic components in the setting of COVID-19: the effect on endothelium, platelets, coagulation factors, fibrinolytic system, and complement","volume":"102","author":"Sayyadi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ann Hematol"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.651545","article-title":"Immunothrombosis in acute respiratory dysfunction of COVID-19","volume":"12","author":"Fang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41569-021-00552-1","article-title":"Interplay between inflammation and thrombosis in cardiovascular pathology","volume":"18","author":"Stark","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cardiol"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241713194","article-title":"Endothelial damage, neutrophil extracellular traps and platelet activation in COVID-19 vs. community-acquired pneumonia: a case-control study","volume":"24","author":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Jim\u00e9nez","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-025-05283-0","article-title":"The NET effect: neutrophil extracellular traps-a potential key component of the dysregulated host immune response in sepsis","volume":"29","author":"Retter","year":"2025","journal-title":"Crit Care (London England)"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11164896","article-title":"COVID-19-related ARDS: key mechanistic features and treatments","volume":"11","author":"Selickman","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics12112792","article-title":"High plasma levels of activated factor VII-antithrombin complex point to increased tissue factor expression in patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia: a potential link with COVID-19 prothrombotic diathesis","volume":"12","author":"Martinelli","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diagnostics (Basel Switzerland)"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.48101\/ujms.v129.9863","article-title":"COVID-19: not a thrombotic disease but a thromboinflammatory disease","volume":"129","author":"He","year":"2024","journal-title":"Upsala J Med Sci"},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jth.15806","article-title":"The suboptimal fibrinolytic response in COVID-19 is dictated by high PAI-1","volume":"20","author":"Whyte","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Thromb Haemostasis JTH"},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5431","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-41168-y","article-title":"Aryl hydrocarbon receptor utilises cellular zinc signals to maintain the gut epithelial barrier","volume":"14","author":"Hu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s44161-022-00029-5","article-title":"The pathological maelstrom of COVID-19 and cardiovascular disease","volume":"1","author":"Giacca","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Cardiovasc Res"},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imlet.2023.01.010","article-title":"Immunothrombosis biomarkers as potential predictive factors of acute respiratory distress syndrome in moderate-to-critical COVID-19: a single-center, retrospective cohort study","volume":"254","author":"Yiang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Immunol Lett"},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjms.2022.04.015","article-title":"Implications of microvascular dysfunction and nitric oxide mediated inflammation in severe COVID-19 infection","volume":"364","author":"Jani","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am J Med Sci"},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/CS20220709","article-title":"The role of hormones in sepsis: an integrated overview with a focus on mitochondrial and immune cell dysfunction","volume":"137","author":"Melis","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Sci (London Engl 1979)"},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241914876","article-title":"COVID-19 complications: oxidative stress, inflammation, and mitochondrial and endothelial dysfunction","volume":"24","author":"Georgieva","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11216286","article-title":"Acute kidney injury and blood purification techniques in severe COVID-19 patients","volume":"11","author":"Napoli","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.5501\/wjv.v12.i2.68","article-title":"Intestinal barrier dysfunction as a key driver of severe COVID-19","volume":"12","author":"Tsounis","year":"2023","journal-title":"World J Virol"},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11041032","article-title":"Microcirculatory alterations in critically ill patients with COVID-19-associated acute respiratory distress syndrome","volume":"11","author":"Di Dedda","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13051397","article-title":"Is COVID-19 infection a multiorganic disease? Focus on extrapulmonary involvement of SARS-CoV-2","volume":"13","author":"Duloquin","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.953129","article-title":"Platelets in the networks interweaving inflammation and thrombosis","volume":"13","author":"Wienkamp","year":"2022"},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-021-00542-7","article-title":"Influenza virus and SARS-CoV-2: pathogenesis and host responses in the respiratory tract","volume":"19","author":"Flerlage","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2019.102375","article-title":"Ebola virus disease: An emerging and re-emerging viral threat","volume":"106","author":"Rojas","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Autoimmun"},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25094941","article-title":"Mechanisms of pulmonary vasculopathy in acute and long-term COVID-19: A review","volume":"25","author":"Riou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/PCC.0000000000003785","article-title":"Pneumonia requiring respiratory support in the PICU: Single-center study of admission plasma nucleosome, histone, and citrullinated histone H3 levels in relation to complications","volume":"26","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Pediatr Crit Care Medicine: A J Soc Crit Care Med World Fed Pediatr Intensive Crit Care Societies"},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000001290","article-title":"Cardiac arrhythmias and autonomic dysfunction associated with COVID-19: A scientific statement from the American Heart Association","volume":"150","author":"Gopinathannair","year":"2024","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2022.862571","article-title":"Clinical characterization and possible pathological mechanism of acute myocardial injury in COVID-19","volume":"9","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Cardiovasc Med"},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1186\/s13613-024-01241-1","article-title":"Comprehensive temporal analysis of right ventricular function and pulmonary haemodynamics in mechanically ventilated COVID-19 ARDS patients","volume":"14","author":"Tsolaki","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ann Intensive Care"},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcu.23101","article-title":"Subclinical myocardial dysfunction in patients following coronavirus disease 2019 infection","volume":"50","author":"Saeed","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Clin Ultrasound: JCU"},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.2095","article-title":"Characterization of NT-proBNP in a large cohort of COVID-19 patients","volume":"23","author":"Caro-Cod\u00f3n","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur J Heart Failure"},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells12050679","article-title":"Mitochondrial dysfunction in cardiac arrhythmias","volume":"12","author":"Deng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1003969","article-title":"Use of an extended KDIGO definition to diagnose acute kidney injury in patients with COVID-19: A multinational study using the ISARIC-WHO clinical characterisation protocol","volume":"19","author":"Wainstein","year":"2022","journal-title":"PloS Med"},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/0001-3765202220211501","article-title":"COVID-19 and acute kidney injury - direct and indirect pathophysiological mechanisms underlying lesion development","volume":"94","author":"Silva","year":"2022","journal-title":"Anais da Academia Bras Cienc"},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.905601","article-title":"Multi-omics techniques make it possible to analyze sepsis-associated acute kidney injury comprehensively","volume":"13","author":"Qiao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/nep.14162","article-title":"Urinary liver-type fatty acid binding protein is increased in the early stages of the disease with a risk of acute kidney injury induced by histone","volume":"28","author":"Ohata","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nephrol (Carlton Vic)"},{"key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1159\/000522341","article-title":"The proximal tubule as the pathogenic and therapeutic target in acute kidney injury","volume":"146","author":"Ho","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nephron"},{"key":"B120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-022-02579-8","article-title":"COVID-19 and cognitive impairment: neuroinvasive and blood\u2013brain barrier dysfunction","volume":"19","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Neuroinflamm"},{"key":"B121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/10738584231194927","article-title":"COVID-19 and long COVID: Disruption of the neurovascular unit, blood-brain barrier, and tight junctions","volume":"30","author":"Kempuraj","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neuroscientist: A Rev J bringing neurobiology Neurol Psychiatry"},{"key":"B122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-024-07964-0","article-title":"Blood neurofilament light chain and S100B as biomarkers of neurological involvement and functional prognosis in COVID-19: a multicenter study","volume":"46","author":"Bisulli","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neurological Sciences: Off J Ital Neurological Soc Ital Soc Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"B123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.22.28267","article-title":"Evaluation of cerebrovascular reactivity and vessel wall imaging in patients with prior COVID-19: A prospective case-control MRI study","volume":"220","author":"Callen","year":"2023","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenology"},{"key":"B124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2023.101962","article-title":"Cerebral small vessel disease pathology in COVID-19 patients: A systematic review","volume":"88","author":"Owens","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ageing Res Rev"},{"key":"B125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2024.103589","article-title":"On the merits and potential of advanced neuroimaging techniques in COVID-19: A scoping review","volume":"42","author":"van der Knaap","year":"2024","journal-title":"NeuroImage Clin"},{"key":"B126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-025-01871-z","article-title":"Microglia dysfunction, neurovascular inflammation and focal neuropathologies are linked to IL-1- and IL-6-related systemic inflammation in COVID-19","volume":"28","author":"Fekete","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"B127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25073819","article-title":"The influence of microglia on neuroplasticity and long-term cognitive sequelae in long COVID: Impacts on brain development and beyond","volume":"25","author":"Chagas","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1003352","article-title":"Liver injury associated with the severity of COVID-19: A meta-analysis","volume":"11","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"B129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2022.113568","article-title":"COVID-19-associated liver injury: Clinical characteristics, pathophysiological mechanisms and treatment management","volume":"154","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomedicine Pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine Pharmacotherapie"},{"key":"B130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/pin.13361","article-title":"Endotheliopathy of liver sinusoidal endothelial cells in liver disease","volume":"73","author":"Kondo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pathol Int"},{"key":"B131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v15061287","article-title":"Unraveling the molecular and cellular pathogenesis of COVID-19-associated liver injury","volume":"15","author":"Akkiz","year":"2023","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"B132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4254\/wjh.v14.i12.2012","article-title":"Liver chemistries in severe or non-severe cases of COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"14","author":"Dong","year":"2022","journal-title":"World J Hepatol"},{"key":"B133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11739-023-03374-w","article-title":"Gut microbiota, intestinal permeability, and systemic inflammation: a narrative review","volume":"19","author":"Di Vincenzo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Internal Emergency Med"},{"key":"B134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1173956","article-title":"Relevance of biomarkers indicating gut damage and microbial translocation in people living with HIV","volume":"14","author":"Ouyang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biology13040243","article-title":"Intestinal barrier dysfunction and gut microbiota in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: Assessment, mechanisms, and therapeutic considerations","volume":"13","author":"Long","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biology"},{"key":"B136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.857573","article-title":"Laboratory biomarkers for diagnosis and prognosis in COVID-19","volume":"13","author":"Battaglini","year":"2022"},{"key":"B137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41569-021-00665-7","article-title":"Current and novel biomarkers of thrombotic risk in COVID-19: a consensus statement from the International COVID-19 Thrombosis Biomarkers Colloquium","volume":"19","author":"Gorog","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cardiol"},{"key":"B138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/apha.12764","article-title":"Biomarkers in acute kidney injury - pathophysiological basis and clinical performance","volume":"219","author":"Schrezenmeier","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Physiologica (Oxford England)"},{"key":"B139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.19209","article-title":"Recommendations on acute kidney injury biomarkers from the Acute Disease Quality Initiative Consensus Conference: A consensus statement","volume":"3","author":"Ostermann","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"B140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-018-2292-6","article-title":"The glycocalyx: a novel diagnostic and therapeutic target in sepsis","volume":"23","author":"Uchimido","year":"2019","journal-title":"Crit Care (London England)"},{"key":"B141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.119.312463","article-title":"Neutrophil extracellular traps: Villains and targets in arterial, venous, and cancer-associated thrombosis","volume":"39","author":"Th\u00e5lin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis Vasc Biol"},{"key":"B142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.01918","article-title":"The critical roles and mechanisms of immune cell death in sepsis","volume":"11","author":"Cheng","year":"2020"},{"key":"B143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1873-3468.13881","article-title":"Complement in sepsis-when science meets clinics","volume":"594","author":"Mollnes","year":"2020","journal-title":"FEBS Lett"},{"key":"B144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/10760296231195089","article-title":"Potential biomarkers for early diagnosis, evaluation, and prognosis of sepsis-induced coagulopathy","volume":"29","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Appl Thrombosis\/Hemostasis: Off J Int Acad Clin Appl Thrombosis\/Hemostasis"},{"key":"B145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-023-04497-4","article-title":"Neurofilament light chains to assess sepsis-associated encephalopathy: Are we on the track toward clinical implementation","volume":"27","author":"Bircak-Kuchtova","year":"2023","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"B146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/children10060945","article-title":"D-lactate: Implications for gastrointestinal diseases","volume":"10","author":"Remund","year":"2023","journal-title":"Children (Basel Switzerland)"},{"key":"B147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23147702","article-title":"Current therapeutics for COVID-19, what we know about the molecular mechanism and efficacy of treatments for this novel virus","volume":"23","author":"Narayanan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciad696","article-title":"Symptoms, viral loads, and rebound among COVID-19 outpatients treated with nirmatrelvir\/ritonavir compared with propensity score-matched untreated individuals","volume":"78","author":"Smith-Jeffcoat","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin Infect Diseases: Off Publ Infect Dis Soc America"},{"key":"B149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-021-01643-9","article-title":"A guide to immunotherapy for COVID-19","volume":"28","author":"van de Veerdonk","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"B150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-083122-043545","article-title":"Innate immunity in protection and pathogenesis during coronavirus infections and COVID-19","volume":"42","author":"Malireddi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Annu Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mco2.154","article-title":"Inflammatory pathways in COVID-19: mechanism and therapeutic interventions","volume":"3","author":"Jiang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Medcomm"},{"key":"B152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2022.115162","article-title":"JAK inhibition as a new treatment strategy for patients with COVID-19","volume":"202","author":"Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biochem Pharmacol"},{"key":"B153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.795315","article-title":"Immunotherapy of COVID-19: inside and beyond IL-6 signalling","volume":"13","author":"Zizzo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.blre.2024.101218","article-title":"Endothelial injury and dysfunction with emerging immunotherapies in multiple myeloma, the impact of COVID-19, and endothelial protection with a focus on the evolving role of defibrotide","volume":"66","author":"Mo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Blood Rev"},{"key":"B155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"790","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2105911","article-title":"Therapeutic anticoagulation with heparin in noncritically ill patients with Covid-19","volume":"385","author":"Lawler","year":"2021","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2023.0456","article-title":"Effects of standard-dose prophylactic, high-dose prophylactic, and therapeutic anticoagulation in patients with hypoxemic COVID-19 pneumonia: the ANTICOVID randomized clinical trial","volume":"183","author":"Labb\u00e9","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med"},{"key":"B157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cts.13569","article-title":"Anticoagulant therapy in COVID-19: a narrative review","volume":"16","author":"Mohseni Afshar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Transl Sci"},{"key":"B158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11239-025-03217-9","article-title":"Full-dose heparin anticoagulation as prevention for COVID-19 disease progression in non-critically ill patients: an up-to-date brief meta-analysis","volume":"59","author":"Pilia","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Thromb Thrombolysis"},{"key":"B159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1281263","article-title":"Understanding COVID-19-associated endothelial dysfunction: role of PIEZO1 as a potential therapeutic target","volume":"15","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10456-024-09916-w","article-title":"Interleukin-6 drives endothelial glycocalyx damage in COVID-19 and bacterial sepsis","volume":"27","author":"Drost","year":"2024","journal-title":"Angiogenesis"},{"key":"B161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2024.154892","article-title":"Antisense therapy to block the Kallikrein-kinin pathway in COVID-19: the ASKCOV randomized controlled trial","volume":"84","author":"Zampieri","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Crit Care"},{"key":"B162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtha.2023.09.014","article-title":"Neutrophil extracellular traps induce persistent lung tissue damage via thromboinflammation without altering virus resolution in a mouse coronavirus model","volume":"22","author":"Salzmann","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Thromb Haemostasis JTH"},{"key":"B163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI163105","article-title":"C5aR1 signaling triggers lung immunopathology in COVID-19 through neutrophil extracellular traps","volume":"133","author":"Silva","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2024.107405","article-title":"Anakinra efficacy in COVID-19 pneumonia guided by soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor: association with the inflammatory burden of the host","volume":"65","author":"Kyriazopoulou","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Antimicrob Agents"},{"key":"B165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10157-023-02448-5","article-title":"Cytosolic mtDNA-cGAS-STING axis contributes to sepsis-induced acute kidney injury via activating the NLRP3 inflammasome","volume":"28","author":"Luo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin Exp Nephrol"},{"key":"B166","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(23)00330-2","article-title":"Profiling the dysregulated immune response in sepsis: overcoming challenges to achieve the goal of precision medicine","volume":"12","author":"Cajander","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"key":"B167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2024.01.001","article-title":"Compartmentalization of the inflammatory response during bacterial sepsis and severe COVID-19","volume":"4","author":"Cavaillon","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Intensive Med"},{"key":"B168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1681764","article-title":"The endothelial-immunothrombotic storm in viral sepsis: lessons from COVID-19","volume":"16","author":"Zhou","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v13020161","article-title":"Interactions of influenza and SARS-CoV-2 with the lung endothelium: similarities, differences, and implications for therapy","volume":"13","author":"Latreille","year":"2021","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"B170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00277-024-05630-1","article-title":"Coagulation and inflammation in COVID-19: reciprocal relationship between inflammatory and coagulation markers","volume":"103","author":"Ebrahimi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ann Hematol"},{"key":"B171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-024-04876-5","article-title":"Clustering COVID-19 ARDS patients through the first days of ICU admission. An analysis of the CIBERESUCICOVID Cohort","volume":"28","author":"Ceccato","year":"2024","journal-title":"Crit Care (London England)"},{"key":"B172","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1186\/s40001-024-01876-7","article-title":"Endotyping in ARDS: one step forward in precision medicine","volume":"29","author":"C\u00f4t\u00e9","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur J Med Res"},{"key":"B173","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.1007102","article-title":"Pitfalls in complement analysis: a systematic literature review of assessing complement activation","volume":"13","author":"Brandwijk","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B174","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1097\/MCC.0000000000000903","article-title":"Phenotyping in acute respiratory distress syndrome: state of the art and clinical implications","volume":"28","author":"Alipanah","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr Opin Crit Care"},{"key":"B175","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/thorax-2023-220446","article-title":"Can we design better ARDS trials","volume":"78","author":"Hammond","year":"2023","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"B176","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2024.08.005","article-title":"Precision medicine in acute respiratory distress syndrome: progress, challenges, and the road ahead","volume":"45","author":"Leonard","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clinics Chest Med"},{"key":"B177","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(24)00431-6","article-title":"Health outcomes 3 months and 6 months after molnupiravir treatment for COVID-19 for people at higher risk in the community (PANORAMIC): a randomised controlled trial","volume":"25","author":"Harris","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"B178","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12223-025-01315-y","article-title":"Immunological orchestration and dysregulation in COVID-19 pneumonia: from viral pathogenesis to precision therapeutics in the post-pandemic era","volume":"70","author":"Qin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Folia Microbiol"},{"key":"B179","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI176640","article-title":"Integrated longitudinal multiomics study identifies immune programs associated with acute COVID-19 severity and mortality","volume":"134","author":"Gygi","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B180","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-023-02364-y","article-title":"Targeted plasma proteomics reveals signatures discriminating COVID-19 from sepsis with pneumonia","volume":"24","author":"Palma Medina","year":"2023","journal-title":"Respir Res"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Immunology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1878054\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T10:52:53Z","timestamp":1787309573000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1878054\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]]},"references-count":180,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1878054"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1878054","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-3224"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-3224","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]]},"article-number":"1878054"}}