{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T06:23:46Z","timestamp":1787207026651,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787184000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Topical administration of SAMT-247, a mercaptobenzamide thioester zinc finger inhibitor targeting the HIV nucleocapsid Gag zinc finger protein, generates multiple metabolites in mucosal tissues, including Met-A, Met-B, Met-C, and Met-D. Prior studies established that SAMT-247, delivered either as a vaginal gel or via an intravaginal ring (IVR), synergizes with the \u0394V1DNA\/ALVAC-SIV\/\u0394V1gp120\/alum vaccine regimen to markedly reduce vaginal SIV\n                      <jats:sub>mac251<\/jats:sub>\n                      acquisition risk. This enhanced protection is associated with augmented protective mucosal immunity and reduced inflammatory responses that promote viral acquisition.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We performed\n                      <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                      characterization of SAMT-247 metabolite distribution in the vaginal compartment of macaques and evaluate the biological activity of individual metabolites using\n                      <jats:italic>ex vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                      rectal mucosal biopsies from vaccinated animals.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      High concentrations of Met-B, Met-C, and Met-D were detected in vaginal secretions, whereas vaginal tissues contained predominantly Met-D, low levels of Met-A, and no detectable Met-B or Met-C. Functionally, Met-D most closely recapitulated and reinforced the protective immune profile associated with SAMT-247, preserving or expanding IL-17\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      NKp44\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) and CD107a\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      NKG2A\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      natural killer (NK) cells, increasing CD73\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      ILCs, NK and dendritic cell as well as IL-10\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      dendritic cell and monocyte populations, and reducing inflammatory TNF-\u03b1-producing myeloid subsets. Met-B and Met-C partially reproduced this profile, enhancing CD73\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      NK\/ILC populations and promoting anti-inflammatory myeloid responses, but with more limited effects on antiviral NK\/ILC activity and attenuated NKp44\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      ILC responses relative to Met-D. In contrast, Met-A, which lacks virucidal activity, failed to induce regulatory CD73\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      and IL-10\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      responses and diminished both protective IL-17\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      NKp44\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      ILCs and cytolytic CD107a\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      NKG2A\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      NK cells, consistent with inflammatory skewing. In vaccinated macaques receiving SAMT-247-releasing IVRs, plasma Met-A showed limited correlation with rectal mucosal immune responses, partially supporting the\n                      <jats:italic>ex vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                      findings.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We observed distinct immunomodulatory effects associated with different SAMT-247 metabolites. These findings may guide future delivery strategies that favor tissue-available Met-D while limiting Met-A accumulation. More broadly, this study underscores the importance of metabolite-specific analyses for defining the biological activity and mechanisms of action of therapeutic agents.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1879043","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T05:27:57Z","timestamp":1787203677000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Friend or foe: divergent immunomodulatory effects of metabolites derived from the virucidal zinc finger inhibitor SAMT-247"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Emmanuel K.","family":"Woode","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Models and Retroviral Vaccines Section, Basic Research Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health","place":["Bethesda, MD, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katherine C.","family":"Goldfarbmuren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Biomedical Computational Science, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc.","place":["Frederick, MD, United States"]},{"name":"Center for Cancer Research Collaborative Bioinformatics Resource, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health","place":["Bethesda, MD, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oluwatobi T.","family":"Arisa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Genitourinary Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health","place":["Bethesda, MD, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Massimiliano","family":"Bissa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Models and Retroviral Vaccines Section, Basic Research Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health","place":["Bethesda, MD, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luca","family":"Schifanella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Models and Retroviral Vaccines Section, Basic Research Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health","place":["Bethesda, MD, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Robello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Synthetic Bioactive Molecules Section, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health","place":["Bethesda, MD, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manjula","family":"Gunawardana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Oak Crest Institute of Science","place":["Monrovia, CA, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John A.","family":"Moss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Oak Crest Institute of Science","place":["Monrovia, CA, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amalia E.","family":"Castonguay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Oak Crest Institute of Science","place":["Monrovia, CA, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irina","family":"Butkyavichene","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Oak Crest Institute of Science","place":["Monrovia, CA, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa M.","family":"Jenkins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mass Spectrometry Resource, Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health","place":["Bethesda, MD, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Earl B.","family":"Ettienne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmacy, Howard University College of Pharmacy","place":["Washington, DC, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel H.","family":"Appella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Synthetic Bioactive Molecules Section, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health","place":["Bethesda, MD, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marc M.","family":"Baum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Oak Crest Institute of Science","place":["Monrovia, CA, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William D.","family":"Figg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Genitourinary Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health","place":["Bethesda, MD, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Genoveffa","family":"Franchini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Models and Retroviral Vaccines Section, Basic Research Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health","place":["Bethesda, MD, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad Arif","family":"Rahman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Models and Retroviral Vaccines Section, Basic Research Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health","place":["Bethesda, MD, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","volume-title":"Global Hiv\/Aids Overview","year":"2025"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0897.2010.00843.x","article-title":"Hiv infection in the female genital tract: Discrete influence of the local mucosal microenvironment","volume":"63","author":"Kaushic","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Reprod Immunol"},{"key":"B3","volume-title":"Global Hiv & Aids Statistics - Fact Sheet Unaids","year":"2025"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.adr8382","article-title":"Vaccination with Mrna-encoded nanoparticles drives early maturation of Hiv Bnab precursors in humans","volume":"389","author":"Willis","year":"2025","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jia2.26489","article-title":"Status of Hiv vaccine development: Progress and promise","volume":"28","author":"Haynes","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Int AIDS Soc"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8571","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-63610-z","article-title":"Hiv vaccine candidate Deltav1gp120 formulated in Alfqa adjuvant augments mucosal immunity in female macaques","volume":"16","author":"Bissa","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-023-01353-7","article-title":"Vaccine plus microbicide effective in preventing vaginal Siv transmission in macaques","volume":"8","author":"Rahman","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Microbiol"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1080\/14760584.2019.1557521","article-title":"Accelerating Hiv vaccine development using non-human primate models","volume":"18","author":"Rahman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Expert Rev Vaccines"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/arat\/6829446","article-title":"Advances in Hiv treatment and vaccine development: Emerging therapies and breakthrough strategies for long-term control","volume":"2025","author":"Okesanya","year":"2025","journal-title":"AIDS Res Treat"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines13070690","article-title":"Progress and recent developments in Hiv vaccine research","volume":"13","author":"Shim","year":"2025","journal-title":"Vaccines (Basel)"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1071\/SH18125","article-title":"Going global: The adoption of the World Health Organization's enabling recommendation on oral pre-exposure prophylaxis for Hiv","volume":"15","author":"Hodges-Mameletzis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sex Health"},{"key":"B12","article-title":"Preexposure prophylaxis for Hiv prevention","volume-title":"Statpearls [Internet]","author":"Sundareshan","year":"2025"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/AID.2020.0188","article-title":"Examining the safety, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of a rectally administered Iqp-0528 gel for Hiv pre-exposure prophylaxis: A first-in-human study","volume":"37","author":"Al-Khouja","year":"2021","journal-title":"AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000002244","article-title":"Brief report: Phase Iia safety study of a vaginal ring containing dapivirine in adolescent young women","volume":"83","author":"Bunge","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000002066","article-title":"Brief report: Routine use of oral Prep in a phase 2 rectal microbicide study of tenofovir reduced-glycerin 1% gel (Mtn-017)","volume":"81","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-019-02521-9","article-title":"Relationship type and use of the vaginal ring for Hiv-1 prevention in the Mtn 020\/Aspire trial","volume":"24","author":"Pleasants","year":"2020","journal-title":"AIDS Behav"},{"key":"B17","unstructured":"The Dapivirine Vaginal Ring; the Prep Vaginal Ring\n          \n          \n          \n          2026"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"790","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.13401","article-title":"Effectiveness of vaginal microbicides in preventing Hiv transmission","volume":"25","author":"Musekiwa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/DDDT.S133170","article-title":"Historical development of vaginal microbicides to prevent sexual transmission of Hiv in women: From past failures to future hopes","volume":"11","author":"Notario-Perez","year":"2017","journal-title":"Drug Des Devel Ther"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/chem.201801253","article-title":"Reaction kinetics direct a rational synthesis of an Hiv-1 inactivator of nucleocapsid protein 7 and provide mechanistic insight into cellular metabolism and antiviral activity","volume":"24","author":"Nikolayevskiy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chemistry"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2016.08.022","article-title":"Preclinical evaluation of a mercaptobenzamide and its prodrug for Ncp7-targeted inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus","volume":"134","author":"Hartman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Antiviral Res"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00820-09","article-title":"Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 nucleocapsid inhibitors impede trans infection in cellular and explant models and protect nonhuman primates from infection","volume":"83","author":"Wallace","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.2000165","article-title":"An Samt-247 microbicide provides potent protection against intravaginal simian immunodeficiency virus infection of rhesus macaques, whereas an added vaccine component elicits mixed outcomes","volume":"204","author":"Helmold Hait","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102877","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xcrm.2026.102877","article-title":"Sustained mucosal delivery of Samt-247 via an intravaginal ring reduces the risk of Siv(Mac251) acquisition in vaccinated macaques","volume":"7","author":"Rahman","year":"2026","journal-title":"Cell Rep Med"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jm0492195","article-title":"Studies on the mechanism of inactivation of the Hiv-1 nucleocapsid protein Ncp7 with 2-mercaptobenzamide thioesters","volume":"48","author":"Jenkins","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Med Chem"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsptsci.3c00260","article-title":"Prodrug strategy extends the use of anti-Hiv sulfanylbenzamides for application in vivo","volume":"7","author":"Robello","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9102","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-53359-2","article-title":"Loss of Hiv candidate vaccine efficacy in male macaques by mucosal nanoparticle immunization rescued by V2-specific response","volume":"15","author":"Rahman","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1900572","article-title":"Differential effect of mucosal Nkp44(+) innate lymphoid cells and deltagamma cells on simian immunodeficiency virus infection outcome in rhesus macaques","volume":"203","author":"Rahman","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.4105","article-title":"Adjuvant-dependent innate and adaptive immune signatures of risk of Sivmac251 acquisition","volume":"22","author":"Vaccari","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nchembio.456","article-title":"Small-molecule inactivation of Hiv-1 Ncp7 by repetitive intracellular acyl transfer","volume":"6","author":"Miller Jenkins","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat Chem Biol"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1441793","article-title":"Vaccine induced mucosal and systemic memory Nk\/Ilcs elicit decreased risk of Siv\/Shiv acquisition","volume":"15","author":"Rahman","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2021.102047","article-title":"Anti-V2 antibodies virus vulnerability revealed by envelope V1 deletion in Hiv vaccine candidates","volume":"24","author":"Silva de Castro","year":"2021","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-36109-8","article-title":"Hiv vaccine candidate efficacy in female macaques mediated by Camp-dependent efferocytosis and V2-specific Adcc","volume":"14","author":"Bissa","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1139402","article-title":"Cholera toxin B scaffolded, focused Siv V2 epitope elicits antibodies that influence the risk of Siv(Mac251) acquisition in macaques","volume":"14","author":"Rahman","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B35","article-title":"Better engagement of the anti-inflammatory Atp\/adenosine axis by removal of V1 from the envelop of Hiv vaccine candidate","author":"Silva de Castro","year":"2026","journal-title":"Cell Rep Med"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2012.02.009","article-title":"Cd73: A potent suppressor of antitumor immune responses","volume":"33","author":"Beavis","year":"2012","journal-title":"Trends Immunol"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-022-01284-1","article-title":"Inflammation triggers Ilc3 patrolling of the intestinal barrier","volume":"23","author":"Jarade","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"ftw111","DOI":"10.1093\/femspd\/ftw111","article-title":"Cytokines Il-17 and Il-22 in the host response to infection","volume":"74","author":"Valeri","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pathog Dis"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jps.24551","article-title":"An intravaginal ring for the simultaneous delivery of an Hiv-1 maturation inhibitor and reverse-transcriptase inhibitor for prophylaxis of Hiv transmission","volume":"104","author":"Ugaonkar","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Pharm Sci"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jmedchem.5c00748","article-title":"Sulfanylbenzamides with unique side chains to improve metabolic stability, pharmacokinetics, and anti-Hiv activity","volume":"68","author":"Robello","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Med Chem"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.76.4.1866-1875.2002","article-title":"Expression of Dc-sign by dendritic cells of intestinal and genital mucosae in humans and rhesus macaques","volume":"76","author":"Jameson","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/368386","article-title":"Vaginal Cd4+ T cells express high levels of Ccr5 and are rapidly depleted in simian immunodeficiency virus infection","volume":"187","author":"Veazey","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jri.2006.02.004","article-title":"Distribution of simian immunodeficiency virus target cells in vaginal tissues of normal rhesus macaques: Implications for virus transmission","volume":"72","author":"Poonia","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Reprod Immunol"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1004440","article-title":"Vaginal challenge with an Siv-based dual reporter system reveals that infection can occur throughout the upper and lower female reproductive tract","volume":"10","author":"Stieh","year":"2014","journal-title":"PloS Pathog"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00707-21","article-title":"Th17 T cells and immature dendritic cells are the preferential initial targets after rectal challenge with a simian immunodeficiency virus-based replication-defective dual-reporter vector","volume":"95","author":"Maric","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00597-11","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of tenofovir following intravaginal and intrarectal administration of tenofovir gel to rhesus macaques","volume":"56","author":"Nuttall","year":"2012","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiy301","article-title":"Efficacy of vaginally administered gel containing emtricitabine and tenofovir against repeated rectal simian human immunodeficiency virus exposures in macaques","volume":"218","author":"Dobard","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000001655","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of tenofovir reduced-glycerin 1% gel in the rectal and vaginal compartments in women: A cross-compartmental study with directly observed dosing","volume":"78","author":"Justman","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"key":"B49","unstructured":"Tissue expression of TPMT-summary\n          \n          2026"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.64898\/2026.04.28.721345","article-title":"Global proteomics investigation of Samt-247 targets: An antiviral thioester that acetylates zinc finger proteins","author":"Jewell","year":"2026","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"key":"B51","article-title":"Bioanalytical Method Validation: Guidance for Industry","year":"2018"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Immunology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1879043\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T05:27:59Z","timestamp":1787203679000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1879043\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]]},"references-count":51,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1879043"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1879043","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-3224"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-3224","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]]},"article-number":"1879043"}}