{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T04:54:08Z","timestamp":1781844848167,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781827200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Multinational cohort studies consistently associate SARS-CoV-2 infection with elevated incidence of allergic diseases, with hazard ratios of 2.25 for asthma and 1.23 for allergic rhinitis persisting beyond six months post-infection; whether this excess risk reflects\n                    <jats:italic>de novo<\/jats:italic>\n                    allergic sensitization or preferential unmasking of pre-existing subclinical atopy remains to be established. Yet mechanisms bridging acute viral illness to delayed allergic phenotypes remain incompletely understood. This review synthesizes recent advances across epithelial biology, immunology, and neuroimmune interactions to propose a unified mechanistic framework organized around three interconnected axes. First, epithelial injury during COVID-19 triggers passive IL-33 release while inducing active TSLP and IL-25 production. These alarmins act through mechanistically distinct pathways to converge on type 2 immune priming, which is established and reinforced by epigenetic memory in group 2 innate lymphoid cells and dendritic cells. Second, regulatory T cell depletion and, hypothetically, hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell epigenetic reprogramming driven by acute interleukin-6 elevation may generate immune cell progeny with persistently altered inflammatory responsiveness, while dendritic cells adopt Th2-polarizing phenotypes that lower the threshold for allergic sensitization; the direct contribution of hematopoietic reprogramming to Th2-skewed allergic outcomes remains to be demonstrated. Third, mast cells undergo direct spike protein-mediated activation via angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 receptors, and alarmin-primed mast cells establish bidirectional crosstalk with sensory neurons that amplifies neuroinflammation and links long COVID symptoms to heightened allergic susceptibility. Together, these axes define a post-infectious vulnerability window during which allergen encounters trigger exaggerated type 2 responses. Risk stratification incorporating disease severity, circulating biomarkers including immunoglobulin E and eosinophil counts, and genetic susceptibility variants may identify individuals requiring targeted surveillance, while mechanistically informed interventions such as low-dose interleukin-2, mast cell stabilizers, and alarmin-targeted biologics warrant prospective evaluation in convalescent cohorts.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1879430","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T04:28:49Z","timestamp":1781843329000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["New-onset allergic diseases after SARS-CoV-2 infection: mechanistic hypotheses and emerging strategies for risk stratification"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Encheng","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University","place":["Nanchang, China"]},{"name":"The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Nanchang University","place":["Nanchang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manying","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangxi Provincial Children\u2019s Hospital","place":["Nanchang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shixiang","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University","place":["Nanchang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/life15060878","article-title":"Global burden of allergies: Mechanisms of development, challenges in diagnosis, and treatment","volume":"15","author":"Alska","year":"2025","journal-title":"Life (Basel)"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(25)00003-7","article-title":"Global, regional, and national burden of asthma and atopic dermatitis, 1990-2021, and projections to 2050: a systematic analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021","volume":"13","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2025.06.042","article-title":"Global, regional, and national burdens of atopic dermatitis from 1990 to 2021: A trend analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021","volume":"93","author":"Sun","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2024.103051","article-title":"Global, regional, national burden of asthma from 1990 to 2021, with projections of incidence to 2050: a systematic analysis of the global burden of disease study 2021","volume":"80","author":"Yuan","year":"2025","journal-title":"eClinicalMedicine"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2025.108379","article-title":"Thirty year trends in childhood asthma and allergic conditions in Poland","volume":"248","author":"Bro\u017cek","year":"2025","journal-title":"Respir Med"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2830","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-47176-w","article-title":"Incident allergic diseases in post-COVID-19 condition: multinational cohort studies from South Korea, Japan and the UK","volume":"15","author":"Oh","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2025.07.030","article-title":"COVID-19 infection raises respiratory type 2 inflammatory disease risk, whereas vaccination is protective","volume":"157","author":"Olbrich","year":"2026","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2025.152805","article-title":"Risk of new onset of immune-mediated diseases after SARS-CoV-2 infection: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"74","author":"Gil","year":"2025","journal-title":"Semin Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-024-03589-4","article-title":"New-onset obstructive airway disease following COVID-19: a multicenter retrospective cohort study","volume":"22","author":"Chuang","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofae462","article-title":"Postacute sequelae of COVID (PASC or Long COVID): An evidenced-based approach","volume":"11","author":"Griffin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect Dis"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells14191511","article-title":"Immunological mechanisms underlying allergy predisposition after SARS-CoV-2 infection in children","volume":"14","author":"Filippatos","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2015.07.007","article-title":"Barrier epithelial cells and the control of type 2 immunity","volume":"43","author":"Hammad","year":"2015","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/intimm\/dxae002","article-title":"Recent advances in the epithelial barrier theory","volume":"36","author":"Pat","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int Immunol"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.37349\/ei.2023.00101","article-title":"COVID-19 induced ARDS: immunopathology and therapeutics","volume":"3","author":"Das","year":"2023","journal-title":"Explor Immunol"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.02.052","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 cell entry depends on ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and is blocked by a clinically proven protease inhibitor","volume":"181","author":"Hoffmann","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2022.155891","article-title":"Interleukin-33 (IL-33): A critical review of its biology and the mechanisms involved in its release as a potent extracellular cytokine","volume":"156","author":"Cayrol","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2024.110117","article-title":"The alarmin IL-33 exacerbates pulmonary inflammation and immune dysfunction in SARS-CoV-2 infection","volume":"27","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mucimm.2024.12.001","article-title":"IL-33 is associated with alveolar dysfunction in patients with viral lower respiratory tract disease","volume":"18","author":"Scott","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41423-025-01261-2","article-title":"Type 2 immunity in allergic diseases","volume":"22","author":"Ogulur","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell Mol Immunol"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.13323","article-title":"New insights into ILC2 memory","volume":"323","author":"Martinez-Gonzalez","year":"2024","journal-title":"Immunol Rev"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-024-03043-2","article-title":"IL-33-experienced group 2 innate lymphoid cells in the lung are poised to enhance type 2 inflammation selectively in adult female mice","volume":"25","author":"Aldossary","year":"2024","journal-title":"Respir Res"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/23120541.00183-2025","article-title":"FRONTIER-3: a randomised phase 2a study to investigate tozorakimab, an anti-interleukin-33 monoclonal antibody, in early-onset asthma","volume":"12","author":"Corren","year":"2026","journal-title":"ERJ Open Res"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26031227","article-title":"TSLP and TSLPR expression levels in peripheral blood as potential biomarkers in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps","volume":"26","author":"Moreno-Jim\u00e9nez","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v15020556","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2-induced TSLP is associated with duration of hospital stay in COVID-19 patients","volume":"15","author":"Gerla","year":"2023","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/genes14091721","article-title":"Gene polymorphisms of epithelial cell-derived alarmins and their effects on protein levels and disease severity in patients with COVID-19","volume":"14","author":"Ranjbar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Genes (Basel)"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.02323-24","article-title":"Thymic stromal lymphopoietin improves protective immunity of the SARS-CoV-2 subunit vaccine by inducing dendritic cell-dependent germinal center response","volume":"99","author":"Hu","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-022-00735-y","article-title":"Role of thymic stromal lymphopoietin in allergy and beyond","volume":"23","author":"Ebina-Shibuya","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4703","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-32196-1","article-title":"Context-dependent function of TSLP and IL-1\u03b2 in skin allergic sensitization and atopic march","volume":"13","author":"Segaud","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biom14040401","article-title":"Multifactorial causes and consequences of TLSP production, function, and release in the asthmatic airway","volume":"14","author":"Brister","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1573130","article-title":"Thymic stromal lymphopoietin-activated basophil promotes lung inflammation in mouse atopic march model","volume":"16","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eer3.70023","article-title":"Targeting thymic stromal lymphopoietin in nasal type 2 inflammation","volume":"2","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eye ENT Res"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.genrep.2022.101727","article-title":"TSLP and IL25 variants are related to asthma and atopy","volume":"30","author":"de Lima","year":"2023","journal-title":"Gene Rep"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/thorax-2022-BTSabstracts.52","article-title":"S46 Tezepelumab reduces mucus plugging in patients with uncontrolled, moderate-to-severe asthma: the phase 2 CASCADE study","volume":"77","author":"Nordenmark","year":"2022","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"984","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2016.06.033","article-title":"Interleukins (from IL-1 to IL-38), interferons, transforming growth factor \u03b2, and TNF-\u03b1: Receptors, functions, and roles in diseases","volume":"138","author":"Akdis","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1568062","article-title":"Regulation of the tuft cell-ILC2 circuit in intestinal mucosal immunity","volume":"16","author":"Shang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24065711","article-title":"Immunology of multisystem inflammatory syndrome after COVID-19 in children: A review of the current evidence","volume":"24","author":"Filippatos","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/children11111278","article-title":"Comparison of immune responses through multiparametric T-cell cytokine expression profile between children with convalescent COVID-19 or multisystem inflammatory syndrome","volume":"11","author":"Filippatos","year":"2024","journal-title":"Children"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-022-03367-z","article-title":"IL-25 blockade augments antiviral immunity during respiratory virus infection","volume":"5","author":"Williams","year":"2022","journal-title":"Commun Biol"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1629060","article-title":"The role of the tuft cell-interleukin-25 axis in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"16","author":"Tao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-025-02104-y","article-title":"Tuft cell IL-17RB restrains IL-25 bioavailability and reveals context-dependent ILC2 hypoproliferation","volume":"26","author":"Feng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.01361","article-title":"Divergent effects of acute and prolonged interleukin 33 exposure on mast cell IgE-mediated functions","volume":"10","author":"R\u00f6nnberg","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.678036","article-title":"Dectin-1 controls TSLP-induced Th2 response by regulating STAT3, STAT6, and p50-RelB activities in dendritic cells","volume":"12","author":"Gu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mucimm.2025.03.003","article-title":"Airway epithelial cells as drivers of severe asthma pathogenesis","volume":"18","author":"Dorscheid","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/bloodadvances.2016002352","article-title":"IL-33, IL-25, and TSLP induce a distinct phenotypic and activation profile in human type 2 innate lymphoid cells","volume":"1","author":"Camelo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Blood Adv"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1302984","article-title":"IL-33 and thymic stromal lymphopoietin mediate immune pathology in response to chronic airborne allergen exposure","volume":"193","author":"Iijima","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abb2762","article-title":"Structural basis for the recognition of SARS-CoV-2 by full-length human ACE2","volume":"367","author":"Yan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells13050462","article-title":"Communication between mast cells and group 2 innate lymphoid cells in the skin","volume":"13","author":"Mehrani","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines12102312","article-title":"Regulation of airway epithelial-derived alarmins in asthma: Perspectives for therapeutic targets","volume":"12","author":"Hansi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.576929","article-title":"Neural regulation of interactions between group 2 innate lymphoid cells and pulmonary immune cells","volume":"11","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-021-01011-2","article-title":"Environmental allergens trigger type 2 inflammation through ripoptosome activation","volume":"22","author":"Brusilovsky","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10071697","article-title":"Tuning IgE: IgE-associating molecules and their effects on IgE-dependent mast cell reactions","volume":"10","author":"Ando","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1093\/jleuko\/qiae049","article-title":"Stability and plasticity of regulatory T cells in health and disease","volume":"116","author":"Contreras-Castillo","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Leukoc Biol"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2021.107828","article-title":"Different T cell related immunological profiles in COVID-19 patients compared to healthy controls","volume":"97","author":"Mahmoud Salehi Khesht","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms252111759","article-title":"T regulatory cell subsets do not restore for one year after acute COVID-19","volume":"25","author":"Aquino","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2111315118","article-title":"Profound Treg perturbations correlate with COVID-19 severity","volume":"118","author":"Galv\u00e1n-Pe\u00f1a","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3882","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2023.07.019","article-title":"Epigenetic memory of coronavirus infection in innate immune cells and their progenitors","volume":"186","author":"Cheong","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1186\/s13073-022-01137-4","article-title":"Epigenetic and transcriptomic reprogramming in monocytes of severe COVID-19 patients reflects alterations in myeloid differentiation and the influence of inflammatory cytokines","volume":"14","author":"Godoy-Tena","year":"2022","journal-title":"Genome Med"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.154183","article-title":"Functional reprogramming of monocytes in patients with acute and convalescent severe COVID-19","volume":"7","author":"Brauns","year":"2022","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41423-024-01167-5","article-title":"The role of plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) in immunity during viral infections and beyond","volume":"21","author":"Ngo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Mol Immunol"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.843342","article-title":"Depletion and dysfunction of dendritic cells: Understanding SARS-CoV-2 infection","volume":"13","author":"Chang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI140335","article-title":"COVID-19 severity associates with pulmonary redistribution of CD1c+ DCs and inflammatory transitional and nonclassical monocytes","volume":"130","author":"S\u00e1nchez-Cerrillo","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/21505594.2021.1898790","article-title":"Immune dysregulation and system pathology in COVID-19","volume":"12","author":"Jamal","year":"2021","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/children10101598","article-title":"Atopy and elevation of IgE, IgG3, and IgG4 may be risk factors for post COVID-19 condition in children and adolescents","volume":"10","author":"K\u00f6rner","year":"2023","journal-title":"Children (Basel)"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20221518","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 infection and recovery in children: Distinct T cell responses in MIS-C compared to COVID-19","volume":"220","author":"Rybkina","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virs.2024.03.001","article-title":"Mast cell degranulation-triggered by SARS-CoV-2 induces tracheal-bronchial epithelial inflammation and injury","volume":"39","author":"Cao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Virol Sin"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.2755","article-title":"IgE and mast cells in allergic disease","volume":"18","author":"Galli","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5415\/apallergy.0000000000000022","article-title":"Immunological dysfunction and mast cell activation syndrome in long COVID","volume":"13","author":"Sumantri","year":"2023","journal-title":"Asia Pac Allergy"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-021-00849-0","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2-triggered mast cell rapid degranulation induces alveolar epithelial inflammation and lung injury","volume":"6","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Signal Transd Targ Ther"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2024.03.010","article-title":"Detecting changes in mast cell numbers versus activation in human disease: A roadblock for current biomarkers","volume":"12","author":"Akin","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.574862","article-title":"Mast cells in alveolar septa of COVID-19 patients: A pathogenic pathway that may link interstitial edema to immunothrombosis","volume":"11","author":"Motta Junior","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/9534163","article-title":"Mast cell activation syndrome in COVID-19 and female reproductive function: Theoretical background vs. accumulating clinical evidence","volume":"2022","author":"Szukiewicz","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Immunol Res"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.114.222505","article-title":"Targeting IL-33 in autoimmunity and inflammation","volume":"354","author":"Theoharides","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2024.05.032","article-title":"Mast cell-sensory neuron interactions under stress","volume":"154","author":"Theoharides","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mucimm.2024.10.001","article-title":"Sensory neuroimmune interactions at the barrier","volume":"17","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2024.12.1081","article-title":"Novel insights on the biology and immunologic effects of histamine: A road map for allergists and mast cell biologists","volume":"155","author":"Heidarzadeh-Asl","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2024.02.005","article-title":"Mast cell-sensory neuron crosstalk in allergic diseases","volume":"153","author":"Bao","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2666-5247(23)00111-8","article-title":"Tachykinins and the potential causal factors for post-COVID-19 condition","volume":"4","author":"Janket","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Microbe"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.09.043","article-title":"Mast cell activation symptoms are prevalent in Long-COVID","volume":"112","author":"Weinstock","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/sji.13407","article-title":"No signs of mast cell involvement in long-COVID: A case-control study","volume":"100","author":"Lenning","year":"2024","journal-title":"Scand J Immunol"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1170035","article-title":"Eosinophils as potential biomarkers in respiratory viral infections","volume":"14","author":"Macchia","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/clt2.70050","article-title":"Eosinophils and COVID-19: Insights into immune complexity and vaccine safety","volume":"15","author":"Sahli","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clin Transl Allergy"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2232","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2024.07.016","article-title":"Interleukin-2 immunotherapy reveals human regulatory T cell subsets with distinct functional and tissue-homing characteristics","volume":"57","author":"Raeber","year":"2024","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5582\/ddt.2020.03095","article-title":"Stabilizing mast cells by commonly used drugs: A novel therapeutic target to relieve post-COVID syndrome","volume":"14","author":"Kazama","year":"2020","journal-title":"DD&T"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Immunology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1879430\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T04:28:50Z","timestamp":1781843330000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1879430\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]]},"references-count":83,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1879430"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1879430","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-3224"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-3224","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]]},"article-number":"1879430"}}