{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T05:44:06Z","timestamp":1785908646180,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785888000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005825","name":"National Institute of Food and Agriculture","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005825","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                      contamination in poultry meat and eggs remains the leading cause of foodborne illnesses in humans. Particularly,\n                      <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                      Enteritidis has been frequently identified as a primary source of contamination in eggs. This study was designed to evaluate the effectiveness of a subunit\n                      <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                      nanovaccine in adult layers.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The vaccine was formulated using the mannose-conjugated chitosan nanoparticles (mChitosan-NP) delivery platform, incorporating\n                      <jats:italic>S.<\/jats:italic>\n                      Enteritidis derived outer membrane proteins (OMP) and flagella (Fla) entrapped in mChitosan-NP, and surface-coated with Fla [mChitosan (OMP+Fla)\/Fla-NP]. This candidate nanovaccine was administered orally to pullets, raised from day 0 of hatching to adult egg laying age. To determine the dose-dependent efficacy of the nanovaccine, three different doses of antigens (200, 50, and 10 microgram) entrapped in NP were administered four times orally at 4, 10, 16, and 18 weeks of age and challenged at age 25 weeks with 10\n                      <jats:sup>9<\/jats:sup>\n                      CFU\n                      <jats:italic>S.<\/jats:italic>\n                      Enteritidis. Necropsies were performed at 4 and 8 days post-challenge (DPC) infection, and challenge\n                      <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                      load in the cecum, reproductive tract, and eggs was assessed.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results and discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Our data revealed that the highest vaccine dose (200 microgram per bird) resulted in a 2.7 log reduction in cecal\n                      <jats:italic>S. Enteritidis<\/jats:italic>\n                      load at DPC4 compared to the control group. Moreover, in the same group,\n                      <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                      was undetectable in the upper and lower reproductive tracts on direct culture method. Flow cytometric analysis revealed an increased frequency of activated recall B cell response. Additionally, enhanced antigen-specific antibody responses were detected at both mucosal and systemic sites, particularly at DPC8. Furthermore, enhanced OMP-specific IgY response in the egg yolk was detected in the nanovaccine-administered birds. Overall, the immune response data were positively associated with the vaccine\u2019s efficacy, suggesting that the oral administration of the\n                      <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                      nanovaccine has the potential to reduce the risk of\n                      <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                      transmission in eggs.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1879692","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T04:45:01Z","timestamp":1785905101000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Orally delivered chitosan-based Salmonella subunit nanovaccine provides protective immunity against colonization by Salmonella Enteritidis in adult layer chickens"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Raksha","family":"Suresh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Food Animal Health, Department of Animal Sciences, College of Food, Agricultural, and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University","place":["Wooster, OH, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shekoni Olaitan","family":"Comfort","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Food Animal Health, Department of Animal Sciences, College of Food, Agricultural, and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University","place":["Wooster, OH, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Dolatyabi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Food Animal Health, Department of Animal Sciences, College of Food, Agricultural, and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University","place":["Wooster, OH, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Schrock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Food Animal Health, Department of Animal Sciences, College of Food, Agricultural, and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University","place":["Wooster, OH, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mithilesh","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Food Animal Health, Department of Animal Sciences, College of Food, Agricultural, and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University","place":["Wooster, OH, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen A.","family":"Akinola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Food Animal Health, Department of Animal Sciences, College of Food, Agricultural, and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University","place":["Wooster, OH, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gourapura J.","family":"Renukaradhya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Food Animal Health, Department of Animal Sciences, College of Food, Agricultural, and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University","place":["Wooster, OH, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1701.p11101","article-title":"Foodborne illness acquired in the United States-major pathogens","volume":"31","author":"Scallan Walter","year":"2019","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2019.5926","article-title":"The European Union One Health 2018 zoonoses report","volume":"17","year":"2019","journal-title":"EFSA J"},{"key":"B3","article-title":"FAOSTAT: Crops and livestock products \u2013 Production quantities by country and global total (Eggs, hen, in shell)","volume-title":"Fao","year":"2025"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/s0168-1605(00)00375-5","article-title":"Estimating the annual fraction of eggs contaminated with Salmonella enteritidis in the United States","volume":"61","author":"Ebel","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int J Food Microbiol"},{"key":"B5","article-title":"USDA scientists develop technology to reduce pathogens in intact eggs","year":"2024"},{"key":"B6","article-title":"Layermune\u00ae SE","year":""},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/03079450601113167","article-title":"Salmonella infections: immune and non-immune protection with vaccines","volume":"36","author":"Barrow","year":"2007","journal-title":"Avian Pathol"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03079459108418769","article-title":"Experimental infection of egg-laying hens with Salmonella enteritidis phage type 4","volume":"20","author":"Barrow","year":"1991","journal-title":"Avian Pathol"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1593012","article-title":"Differences among six Salmonella serovars in abilities to colonize reproductive organs and to contaminate eggs in laying hens","volume":"45","author":"Okamura","year":"2001","journal-title":"Avian Dis"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.2307\/1592181","article-title":"Salmonella enteritidis contamination of eggs from hens inoculated by vaginal, cloacal, and intravenous routes","volume":"41","author":"Miyamoto","year":"1997","journal-title":"Avian Dis"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6976.2008.00161.x","article-title":"Mechanisms of egg contamination by Salmonella Enteritidis","volume":"33","author":"Gantois","year":"2009","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph120302543","article-title":"Salmonella and eggs: from production to plate","volume":"12","author":"Whiley","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines8040696","article-title":"Challenges in vaccinating layer hens against Salmonella Typhimurium","volume":"8","author":"Jia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vaccines (Basel)"},{"key":"B14","article-title":"Egg safety rule","year":"2009"},{"key":"B15","article-title":"Occurence of salmonellae in laying hens in different housing systems and inferences for control","volume":"119","author":"Methner","year":"2006","journal-title":"Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2021.101438","article-title":"Research note: Contamination of eggs by Salmonella Enteritidis and Salmonella Typhimurium in experimentally infected laying hens in indoor cage-free housing","volume":"100","author":"Gast","year":"2021","journal-title":"Poult Sci"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2006.11.058","article-title":"Biological safety concepts of genetically modified live bacterial vaccines","volume":"25","author":"Frey","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0378-1135(96)01279-5","article-title":"Evaluation of an aroA mutant Salmonella typhimurium vaccine in chickens using modified semisolid Rappaport Vassiliadis medium to monitor faecal shedding","volume":"54","author":"Tan","year":"1997","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ps\/77.12.1759","article-title":"Persistence of Salmonella enteritidis from one day of age until maturity in experimentally infected layer chickens","volume":"77","author":"Gast","year":"1998","journal-title":"Poult Sci"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.62.11.4747-4754.1994","article-title":"Vaccination of chickens with strain CVL30, a genetically defined Salmonella enteritidis aroA live oral vaccine candidate","volume":"62","author":"Cooper","year":"1994","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2020.116434","article-title":"Chitosan-adjuvanted Salmonella subunit nanoparticle vaccine for poultry delivered through drinking water and feed","volume":"243","author":"Renu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Carbohydr Polym"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S185588","article-title":"Surface engineered polyanhydride-based oral Salmonella subunit nanovaccine for poultry","volume":"13","author":"Renu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Nanomedicine"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2020.110111","article-title":"Temporal dynamics of innate and adaptive immune responses in broiler birds to oral delivered chitosan nanoparticle-based Salmonella subunit antigens","volume":"228","author":"Han","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vet Immunol Immunopathol"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S238445","article-title":"Oral deliverable mucoadhesive chitosan-salmonella subunit nanovaccine for layer chickens","volume":"15","author":"Renu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Nanomedicine"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines8020299","article-title":"Mannose-modified chitosan-nanoparticle-based Salmonella subunit oralvaccine-induced immune response and efficacy in a challenge trial in broilers","volume":"8","author":"Han","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vaccines (Basel)"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/polym10030267","article-title":"Chitosan and its derivatives for application in mucoadhesive drug delivery systems","volume":"10","author":"TM","year":"2018","journal-title":"Polymers (Basel)"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0304-4165(02)00319-7","article-title":"The mannose receptor family","volume":"1572","author":"East","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2004.12.001","article-title":"The mannose receptor: linking homeostasis and immunity through sugar recognition","volume":"26","author":"Taylor","year":"2005","journal-title":"Trends Immunol"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/869718","article-title":"Targeting antigens to dendritic cell receptors for vaccine development","volume":"2013","author":"Apostolopoulos","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Drug Delivery"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0259334","article-title":"Chitosan nanoparticle vaccine administration is protective against Enteritidis in broiler birds","volume":"16","author":"Acevedo-Villanueva","year":"2021","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0053314","article-title":"Preparation and efficacy of a live newcastle disease virus vaccine encapsulated in chitosan nanoparticles","volume":"7","author":"Zhao","year":"2012","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.584299","article-title":"Immunity and protective efficacy of mannose conjugated chitosan-based influenza nanovaccine in maternal antibody positive pigs","volume":"12","author":"Renu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2014.10.004","article-title":"Rapid detection and specific differentiation of subsp Enteritidis, Typhimurium and its monophasic variant 4,[5],12:i: - by real-time multiplex PCR","volume":"193","author":"Maurischat","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Food Microbiol"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.00639-09","article-title":"Cloning of serovar Enteritidis fimbrial protein SefA as a surface protein in confers the ability to attach to eukaryotic cell lines","volume":"75","author":"Rank","year":"2009","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microb"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1186\/s12934-015-0227-3","article-title":"Improved cell surface display of Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis antigens in Escherichia coli","volume":"14","author":"Gustavsson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Microb Cell Fact"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1637\/9069-091109-reg.1","article-title":"Colonization of avian reproductive-tract tissues by variant subpopulations of Salmonella enteritidis","volume":"54","author":"Guard","year":"2010","journal-title":"Avian Dis"},{"key":"B37","article-title":"Bacteriological analytical manual (BAM), chapter 5: salmonella","volume-title":"U.s. Food and Drug Administration","author":"Wallace","year":"2024"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1509990","article-title":"Evaluation of mucosal adjuvants to chitosan-nanoparticle-based oral subunit vaccine for controlling salmonellosis in broilers","volume":"16","author":"Suresh","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/meth.2001.1262","article-title":"Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2- \u0394\u0394CT method","volume":"25","author":"Livak","year":"2001","journal-title":"methods"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0164069","article-title":"Proteomic analysis of outer membrane proteins from Enteritidis strains with different sensitivity to human serum","volume":"11","author":"Dudek","year":"2016","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0048195","article-title":"Immunological changes at point-of-lay increase susceptibility to Salmonella enterica infection in vaccinated chickens","volume":"7","author":"Johnston","year":"2012","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/avj.12490","article-title":"Live and inactivated vaccine regimens against caecal Salmonella Typhimurium colonisation in laying hens","volume":"94","author":"Groves","year":"2016","journal-title":"Aust Vet J"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.22092\/ari.2017.109235.1101","article-title":"Chitosan-based nanoparticles in mucosal vaccine delivery","volume":"73","author":"Mehrabi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arch Razi Inst"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2011.03.056","article-title":"Mechanism and consequence of chitosan-mediated reversible epithelial tight junction opening","volume":"32","author":"Yeh","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1566524013363645","article-title":"Role of the mannose receptor in the immune response","volume":"1","author":"Apostolopoulos","year":"2001","journal-title":"Curr Mol Med"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.1830270942","article-title":"Mannose receptor-mediated uptake of antigens strongly enhances HLA class II-restricted antigen presentation by cultured dendritic cells","volume":"27","author":"Tan","year":"1997","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics13101686","article-title":"Chitosan nanoparticles at the biological interface: implications for drug delivery","volume":"13","author":"Aibani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pharmaceutics"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18012","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-43689-4","article-title":"Application of ensemble machine learning approach to assess the factors affecting size and polydispersity index of liposomal nanoparticles","volume":"13","author":"Hoseini","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/bj20040200","article-title":"A functional polymeric immunoglobulin receptor in chicken (Gallus gallus) indicates ancient role of secretory IgA in mucosal immunity","volume":"380","author":"Wieland","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biochem J"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1484288","article-title":"Characterization of class-switched B cells in chickens","volume":"15","author":"von La Roche","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dci.2004.06.009","article-title":"Specific antibody secreting cells from chickens can be detected by three days and memory B cells by three weeks post-infection with the avian respiratory coronavirus","volume":"29","author":"Pei","year":"2005","journal-title":"Dev Comp Immunol"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2025.105884","article-title":"Decoding poultry immune responses to vaccines: Current advances and future directions for next-generation vaccine development","volume":"104","author":"Uribe-Diaz","year":"2025","journal-title":"Poult Sci"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1637\/0005-2086(2002)046[0629:coseci]2.0.co;2","article-title":"Characteristics of contamination in eggs after oral, aerosol, and intravenous inoculation of laying hens","volume":"46","author":"Gast","year":"2002","journal-title":"Avian Dis"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028x.jfp-12-268","article-title":"Salmonella enteritidis deposition in eggs after experimental infection of laying hens with different oral doses","volume":"76","author":"Gast","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Food Prot"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1637\/1933-5334(2007)2[e7:cosrot]2.0.co;2","article-title":"Colonization of specific regions of the reproductive tract and deposition at different locations inside eggs laid by hens infected with Salmonella Enteritidis or Salmonella Heidelberg","volume":"51","author":"Gast","year":"2007","journal-title":"Avian Dis"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1637\/0005-2086(2007)051[0040:cosrot]2.0.co;2","article-title":"Colonization of specific regions of the reproductive tract and deposition at different locations inside eggs laid by hens infected with Enteritidis or Heidelberg","volume":"51","author":"Gast","year":"2007","journal-title":"Avian Dis"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03079457.2024.2410873","article-title":"Age of challenge is important in Salmonella Enteritidis studies in pullets and hens: a systematic review","volume":"54","author":"Yue","year":"2025","journal-title":"Avian Pathol"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-39698-x","article-title":"Limited available evidence supports theoretical predictions of reduced vaccine efficacy at higher exposure dose","volume":"9","author":"Langwig","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0159153","article-title":"Effects of chicken interferon gamma on newcastle disease virus vaccine immunogenicity","volume":"11","author":"Cardenas-Garcia","year":"2016","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dci.2016.04.016","article-title":"Analysis of the function of IL-10 in chickens using specific neutralising antibodies and a sensitive capture ELISA","volume":"63","author":"Wu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dev Comp Immunol"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1593116","article-title":"Deposition of phage type 4 and 13a Salmonella enteritidis strains in the yolk and albumen of eggs laid by experimentally infected hens","volume":"44","author":"Gast","year":"2000","journal-title":"Avian Dis"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pez222","article-title":"Contamination of eggs by Salmonella Enteritidis in experimentally infected laying hens of four commercial genetic lines in conventional cages and enriched colony housing","volume":"98","author":"Gast","year":"2019","journal-title":"Poult Sci"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.2013-03641","article-title":"Contamination of eggs by Salmonella Enteritidis in experimentally infected laying hens housed in conventional or enriched cages","volume":"93","author":"Gast","year":"2014","journal-title":"Poult Sci"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.63.7.2443-2449.1995","article-title":"Salmonella-enteritidis colonization of the reproductive-tract and forming and freshly laid eggs of chickens","volume":"63","author":"Keller","year":"1995","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.2008.01429.x","article-title":"Novel approaches toward preferential detection of viable cells using nucleic acid amplification techniques","volume":"291","author":"Nocker","year":"2009","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol Lett"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2144\/03344rr02","article-title":"Ethidium monoazide for DNA-based differentiation of viable and dead bacteria by 5'-nuclease PCR","volume":"34","author":"Nogva","year":"2003","journal-title":"BioTechniques"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2016.11.021","article-title":"Association between pigs with high caecal Salmonella loads and carcass contamination","volume":"242","author":"Pesciaroli","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Food Microbiol"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0223577","article-title":"Synbiotic supplementation to decrease Salmonella colonization in the intestine and carcass contamination in broiler birds","volume":"14","author":"Shanmugasundaram","year":"2019","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2024.103806","article-title":"Colonization, spread and persistence of (Typhimurium, Infantis and Reading) in internal organs of broilers","volume":"103","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Poult Sci"},{"key":"B70","article-title":"Annex 2: logarthmic reduction","year":"2023"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Immunology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1879692\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T04:45:19Z","timestamp":1785905119000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1879692\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]]},"references-count":70,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1879692"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1879692","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-3224"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-3224","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]]},"article-number":"1879692"}}