{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T05:05:47Z","timestamp":1784091947504,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784073600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100017698","name":"Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100017698","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"\n Introduction<\/jats:title>\n \n Aeromonas hydrophila<\/jats:italic>\n is a major pathogen of bacterial enteritis in aquaculture and a pathogen threatening the safety of fish products; sustainable alternatives to antibiotics are urgently needed. This study explored the potential effects of emodin in Yellow River carp (\n Cyprinus carpio haematopterus<\/jats:italic>\n ).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n Yellow River carp were used as a model, and multi-omics approaches (including 16S rRNA\/ITS sequencing and untargeted metabolomics) were employed, along with evaluations of survival rate, hepatic and intestinal histopathology, quorum sensing-related virulence gene expression, and serum IgM and lysozyme activities.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n Emodin treatment improved survival rate, alleviated pathological damage in the liver and intestine, downregulated quorum sensing-related virulence genes (\n AhyR<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n LapA<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n AerA<\/jats:italic>\n ), and enhanced serum IgM and lysozyme activities. 16S rRNA\/ITS sequencing revealed that emodin increased the relative abundance of Ascomycota, Firmicutes,\n Debaryomyces<\/jats:italic>\n and\n Lactococcus<\/jats:italic>\n , while decreasing genera such as\n Bosea<\/jats:italic>\n and\n Legionella<\/jats:italic>\n . Untargeted metabolomics indicated marked changes in metabolic profiles. Correlation analysis revealed that the emodin-enriched microbiota was significantly associated with metabolites and the cytokines\n il-1\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n and\n tnf-\u03b1<\/jats:italic>\n .\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Discussion<\/jats:title>\n Emodin treatment was associated with enhanced anti-infection ability in Yellow River carp, concomitant with significant alterations in the intestinal microbiota, metabolism, and immune responses, underscoring its great potential as an environmentally friendly immunostimulant in aquaculture.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1881196","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T04:21:54Z","timestamp":1784089314000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Emodin treatment is associated with enhanced resistance to Aeromonas hydrophila and correlates with gut microbiota\u2013immune\u2013metabolic modulation in Yellow River Carp: a multi\u2212omics study"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Yuqing","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University","place":["Zhengzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuaijie","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Henan Academy of Fishery Sciences, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences","place":["Zhengzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Maternal and Child Health, Wuhan Children\u2019s Hospital (Wuhan Maternal and Child Healthcare Hospital), Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology","place":["Wuhan, Hubei, 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