{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T10:04:50Z","timestamp":1784887490139,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":97,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784851200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) represents a highly prevalent age-related disorder, traditionally managed through androgen-driven pathways. However, the limited efficacy of conventional hormonal therapies in a substantial subset of patients necessitates the investigation of alternative pathogenic mechanisms. The emergence of single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) has provided the necessary resolution to map cellular heterogeneity and microenvironmental dynamics within the prostate. This review synthesizes recent advancements in applying scRNA-seq to BPH research, highlighting a transition from a homogeneous, hormone-centric view toward recognizing BPH as a complex, heterogeneous process driven by multifaceted cell-immune interactions. We detail how scRNA-seq has identified distinct cellular subsets within the hyperplastic transition zone, including novel basal epithelial subtypes and activated fibroblast populations that contribute directly to nodule formation and disease progression. Furthermore, we examine the central role of chronic inflammation, mediated by immune cell infiltration and senescence-associated secretory phenotypes (SASP), in perpetuating a proliferative microenvironment. The technology also clarifies mechanisms underlying treatment resistance and identifies potential biomarkers and novel therapeutic targets beyond the androgen axis, such as the CXCL13\/CD4\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    T cell axis and granzyme K pathways. Looking forward, integrating scRNA-seq with spatial multi-omics aims to construct a comprehensive spatiotemporal atlas of BPH, facilitating molecular subtyping and the development of precision, microenvironment-targeted therapies. In conclusion, scRNA-seq is redefining the pathophysiological landscape of BPH, offering a path toward innovative, non-androgenic therapeutic strategies aimed at achieving true disease modification.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1881717","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T09:32:37Z","timestamp":1784885557000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Decoding benign prostatic hyperplasia at single-cell resolution: heterogeneity, inflammation, and beyond androgen-driven pathogenesis"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Yihao","family":"Liao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, The First College of Clinical Medical Science, China Three Gorges University & Yichang Central People\u2019s Hospital","place":["Yichang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Siyuan","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hubei Provincial Clinical Research Center for Parkinson\u2019s Disease, Research Center for Translational Medicine, Xiangyang No.1 People\u2019s Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine","place":["Xiangyang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haohan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, The First College of Clinical Medical Science, China Three Gorges University & Yichang Central People\u2019s Hospital","place":["Yichang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sihai","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, The First College of Clinical Medical Science, China Three Gorges University & Yichang Central People\u2019s Hospital","place":["Yichang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Honggang","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, The First College of Clinical Medical Science, China Three Gorges University & Yichang Central People\u2019s Hospital","place":["Yichang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuanxuan","family":"Zou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hubei Provincial Clinical Research Center for Parkinson\u2019s Disease, Research Center for Translational Medicine, Xiangyang No.1 People\u2019s Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine","place":["Xiangyang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaobo","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, The First College of Clinical Medical Science, China Three Gorges University & Yichang Central People\u2019s Hospital","place":["Yichang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2023.103511","article-title":"Benign prostatic hyperplasia - a novel autoimmune disease with a potential therapy consequence","volume":"23","author":"Liedtke","year":"2024","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2023.02.028","article-title":"Minimally invasive treatments for benign prostatic obstruction: a systematic review and network meta-analysis","volume":"83","author":"Cornu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur Urol"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.240415","article-title":"Benign prostatic hyperplasia: time to upgrade treatment guidelines regarding prostatic artery embolization","volume":"310","author":"Mahesh","year":"2024","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ju.0000000000003698","article-title":"Management of lower urinary tract symptoms attributed to benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH): AUA guideline amendment 2023","volume":"211","author":"Sandhu","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1585446","article-title":"Immune cell single-cell RNA sequencing analyses link an age-associated T cell subset to symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia","volume":"16","author":"Broman","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1186\/s41256-025-00456-4","article-title":"Predicting benign prostatic hyperplasia risks: model development and external validation based on three cohorts","volume":"10","author":"Zi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Glob Health Res Policy"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2024.103298","article-title":"Androgen receptor deficiency-induced TUG1 in suppressing ferroptosis to promote benign prostatic hyperplasia through the miR-188-3p\/GPX4 signal pathway","volume":"75","author":"Zhan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Redox Biol"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2023.102816","article-title":"Antioxidant mitoquinone suppresses benign prostatic hyperplasia by regulating the AR-NLRP3 pathway","volume":"65","author":"Jin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Redox Biol"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-022-04995-3","article-title":"Ellagic acid improves benign prostate hyperplasia by regulating androgen signaling and STAT3","volume":"13","author":"Park","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2025.7045","article-title":"Lower urinary tract symptoms in men: a review","volume":"334","author":"Wei","year":"2025","journal-title":"Jama"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diii.2025.04.001","article-title":"Laser-focused ablative therapy for prostate cancer and benign prostatic hyperplasia: a review of current applications and future directions","volume":"106","author":"Cornud","year":"2025","journal-title":"Diagn Interv Imaging"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2023.09.010","article-title":"Cell plasticity in a mouse model of benign prostate hyperplasia drives amplification of androgen-independent epithelial cell populations sensitive to antioxidant therapy","volume":"194","author":"Dos Santos","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2025.12.006","article-title":"Mapping clinical CAR-T cells: insights from scRNA-seq","volume":"32","author":"Meehl","year":"2026","journal-title":"Trends Mol Med"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xcrm.2025.102098","article-title":"scRNA-seq reveals an immune microenvironment and JUN-mediated NK cell exhaustion in relapsed T-ALL","volume":"6","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell Rep Med"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41571-025-01003-3","article-title":"Emerging clinical applications of single-cell RNA sequencing in oncology","volume":"22","author":"Boxer","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat Rev Clin Oncol"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5481","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-60653-0","article-title":"Single-cell analysis reveals a longitudinal trajectory of meningioma evolution and heterogeneity","volume":"16","author":"Lee","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2025.123617","article-title":"Empowering single-cell analysis with emerging active microfluidic devices","volume":"325","author":"Ruan","year":"2026","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jare.2024.10.012","article-title":"Single-cell transcriptomic profiling uncovers cellular complexity and microenvironment in gastric tumorigenesis associated with Helicobacter pylori","volume":"74","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Adv Res"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvab260","article-title":"Heterogeneity of immune cells in human atherosclerosis revealed by scRNA-Seq","volume":"117","author":"Vallejo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Res"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1186\/s13046-023-02841-8","article-title":"Acute myeloid leukemia: from NGS, through scRNA-seq, to CAR-T. dissect cancer heterogeneity and tailor the treatment","volume":"42","author":"Peroni","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Exp Clin Cancer Res"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1038\/s41573-023-00688-4","article-title":"Applications of single-cell RNA sequencing in drug discovery and development","volume":"22","author":"Van de Sande","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Rev Drug Discov"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1684895","article-title":"Advances in the identification of novel cell signatures in benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostate cancer using single-cell RNA sequencing","volume":"16","author":"Pan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13073-025-01432-w","article-title":"Meta-analyses of mouse and human prostate single-cell transcriptomes reveal widespread epithelial plasticity in tissue regression, regeneration, and cancer","volume":"17","author":"Aparicio","year":"2025","journal-title":"Genome Med"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2025.11499","article-title":"Prostatitis: a review","volume":"334","author":"Borgert","year":"2025","journal-title":"Jama"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41585-021-00561-2","article-title":"Prostate luminal progenitor cells: from mouse to human, from health to disease","volume":"19","author":"Baures","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Rev Urol"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-025-02139-9","article-title":"Spatially resolved transcriptomic analysis of the adult human prostate","volume":"57","author":"Hu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2024.109125","article-title":"YAP-mediated GPER signaling impedes proliferation and survival of prostate epithelium in benign prostatic hyperplasia","volume":"27","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pros.24467","article-title":"Vitamin D and genetic ancestry are associated with apoptosis rates in benign and malignant prostatic epithelium","volume":"83","author":"Stinson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Prostate"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bju.15229","article-title":"Benign prostatic hyperplasia - what do we know","volume":"127","author":"Devlin","year":"2021","journal-title":"BJU Int"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aay0267","article-title":"Regenerative potential of prostate luminal cells revealed by single-cell analysis","volume":"368","author":"Karthaus","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1093\/pcmedi\/pbab003","article-title":"Neuroendocrine cells of the prostate: histology, biological functions, and molecular mechanisms","volume":"4","author":"Butler","year":"2021","journal-title":"Precis Clin Med"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2021.10.028","article-title":"Fibroblast heterogeneity in prostate carcinogenesis","volume":"525","author":"ChallaSivaKanaka","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cancer Lett"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1128","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-025-07172-0","article-title":"Pleiotrophin modulates cell proliferation, prostate smooth muscle contraction and fibrosis in hyperplastic prostate","volume":"23","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Transl Med"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1139450","article-title":"Microbiology and immune mechanisms associated with male infertility","volume":"14","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23168849","article-title":"Prostate infiltration by Treg and Th17 cells as an immune response to Propionibacterium acnes infection in the course of benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostate cancer","volume":"23","author":"Radej","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.842008","article-title":"Immune cell proinflammatory microenvironment and androgen-related metabolic regulation during benign prostatic hyperplasia in aging","volume":"13","author":"Cao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.85089","article-title":"Rapamycin and low-dose IL-2 mediate an immunosuppressive microenvironment to inhibit benign prostatic hyperplasia","volume":"19","author":"Cao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Biol Sci"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/end.2024.0280","article-title":"Prostate MRI transitional zone volume predicts BPH enucleation volume better than alternative modalities","volume":"38","author":"Forbes","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Endourol"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ju.0000000000002183","article-title":"Management of lower urinary tract symptoms attributed to benign prostatic hyperplasia: AUA guideline part I-initial work-up and medical management","volume":"206","author":"Lerner","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2021.114388","article-title":"Linh Phu Khang Tue Tinh inhibited prostate proliferation in rats induced benign prostatic hyperplasia by testosterone propionate","volume":"279","author":"Minh","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Ethnopharmacol"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bco2.47","article-title":"Transition zone prostate cancer is associated with better clinical outcomes than peripheral zone cancer","volume":"2","author":"Sato","year":"2021","journal-title":"BJUI Compass"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-024-05212-9","article-title":"Integrating spatial transcriptomics and single-cell RNA-sequencing reveals the alterations in epithelial cells during nodular formation in benign prostatic hyperplasia","volume":"22","author":"Fei","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Transl Med"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/path.5751","article-title":"Single-cell analysis of mouse and human prostate reveals novel fibroblasts with specialized distribution and microenvironment interactions","volume":"255","author":"Joseph","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Pathol"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.176479","article-title":"Spatial transcriptomics identifies candidate stromal drivers of benign prostatic hyperplasia","volume":"9","author":"Pollack","year":"2024","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/path.6227","article-title":"Single-cell RNA sequencing of human prostate basal epithelial cells reveals zone-specific cellular populations and gene expression signatures","volume":"262","author":"Vellky","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Pathol"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ctm2.1084","article-title":"Single-cell RNA-sequencing technology demonstrates the heterogeneity between aged prostate peripheral and transitional zone","volume":"12","author":"Yan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Transl Med"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2024.05.008","article-title":"Integrated single-cell analysis defines the epigenetic basis of castration-resistant prostate luminal cells","volume":"31","author":"Kirk","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2415308122","article-title":"Comparative transcriptomics reveals a mixed basal, club, and hillock epithelial cell identity in castration-resistant prostate cancer","volume":"122","author":"Pitzen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gendis.2025.101526","article-title":"Integrating spatial transcriptomics and single-cell RNA-sequencing reveals epithelial cell alterations in benign prostatic hyperplasia following finasteride treatment","volume":"12","author":"Shen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Genes Dis"},{"key":"B50","article-title":"Immunohistochemistry analysis of platelet-derived growth factor A and B chains and platelet-derived growth factor alpha and beta receptor expression in benign prostatic hyperplasias and Gleason-graded human prostate adenocarcinomas","volume":"7","author":"Fudge","year":"1994","journal-title":"Mod Pathol"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellsig.2014.10.010","article-title":"Regulation of prostate stromal fibroblasts by the PIM1 protein kinase","volume":"27","author":"Zemskova","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Signal"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2016-1035","article-title":"GPR30 promotes prostate stromal cell activation via suppression of ER\u03b1 expression and its downstream signaling pathway","volume":"157","author":"Jia","year":"2016","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pathol.2024.12.637","article-title":"Overexpression of fibroblast activation protein (FAP) in the stroma of proliferative inflammatory atrophy (PIA) and primary adenocarcinoma of the prostate","volume":"57","author":"Caramella-Pereira","year":"2025","journal-title":"Pathology"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jare.2023.04.006","article-title":"Targeting benign prostate hyperplasia treatments: AR\/TGF-\u03b2\/NOX4 inhibition by apocynin suppresses inflammation and proliferation","volume":"57","author":"Jin","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Adv Res"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/smtd.202401906","article-title":"Decoding benign prostatic hyperplasia: Insights from multi-fluid metabolomic analysis","volume":"9","author":"Xu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Small Methods"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41514-025-00231-2","article-title":"A 50-year journey in the development of treatment for benign prostatic hyperplasia","volume":"11","author":"Schally","year":"2025","journal-title":"NPJ Aging"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1007\/s10522-025-10226-x","article-title":"Exploring TGF-\u03b2 signaling in benign prostatic hyperplasia: from cellular senescence to fibrosis and therapeutic implications","volume":"26","author":"Khan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biogerontology"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11154-022-09730-z","article-title":"Androgens, aging, and prostate health","volume":"23","author":"Wel\u00e9n","year":"2022","journal-title":"Rev Endocr Metab Disord"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/js9.0000000000001557","article-title":"Epidemiological investigation of sex hormones and their metabolism-related gene single nucleotide polymorphisms in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia complicated with late-onset hypogonadism: a retrospective cohort study","volume":"110","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Surg"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9949","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-54364-1","article-title":"Single cell and spatial transcriptomics highlight the interaction of club-like cells with immunosuppressive myeloid cells in prostate cancer","volume":"15","author":"Kiviaho","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2023.10.008","article-title":"Sex hormone signaling and regulation of immune function","volume":"56","author":"Hoffmann","year":"2023","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10522-022-10002-1","article-title":"Male sex hormones, aging, and inflammation","volume":"24","author":"Ketchem","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biogerontology"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2021.110132","article-title":"Resolving the immune landscape of human prostate at a single-cell level in health and cancer","volume":"37","author":"Tuong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/acel.70180","article-title":"Single-cell sequencing reveals that CD4(+) T cells eliminate senescent prostate epithelium to delay progression of benign prostatic hyperplasia","volume":"24","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Aging Cell"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1516362","article-title":"Immune-related diagnostic markers for benign prostatic hyperplasia and their potential as drug targets","volume":"15","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/luts.70024","article-title":"Investigating the antihyperplastic, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties of Cucurbita pepo L. seed oil on testosterone- induced benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) in castrated rat model","volume":"17","author":"Noura","year":"2025","journal-title":"Low Urin Tract Symptoms"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00345-023-04357-4","article-title":"The effect of 5-\u03b1 reductase inhibitor on Th1, Th2, and Th17 cell-related inflammatory response in BPH","volume":"41","author":"Chu","year":"2023","journal-title":"World J Urol"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-36325-2","article-title":"Dissecting the immune suppressive human prostate tumor microenvironment via integrated single-cell and spatial transcriptomic analyses","volume":"14","author":"Hirz","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/2162402x.2025.2562220","article-title":"Characterization of the immune landscape in healthy mouse prostate and during prostate cancer progression","volume":"14","author":"Pervizou","year":"2025","journal-title":"Oncoimmunology"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-018-0744-1","article-title":"M2 macrophage-mediated interleukin-4 signalling induces myofibroblast phenotype during the progression of benign prostatic hyperplasia","volume":"9","author":"Sheng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1494476","article-title":"Infiltrating lipid-rich macrophage subpopulations identified as a regulator of increasing prostate size in human benign prostatic hyperplasia","volume":"15","author":"Lanman","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/gcc.70051","article-title":"Single-cell profiling of mononuclear cells identifies transcriptomics signatures differentiating prostate cancer from benign prostatic hyperplasia","volume":"64","author":"Enikeeva","year":"2025","journal-title":"Genes Chromosomes Cancer"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-02417-w","article-title":"A single cell transcriptional profile of benign prostatic hyperplasia","volume":"16","author":"Unno","year":"2026","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2016.06.090","article-title":"Chronic prostate inflammation is associated with severity and progression of benign prostatic hyperplasia, lower urinary tract symptoms and risk of acute urinary retention","volume":"196","author":"Nickel","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prnil.2017.12.003","article-title":"The effect of prostatic inflammation on clinical outcomes in patients with benign prostate hyperplasia","volume":"6","author":"Cakir","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prostate Int"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11934-023-01188-z","article-title":"Exploring the enigma of 5-ARIs resistance in benign prostatic hyperplasia: Paving the path for personalized medicine","volume":"24","author":"Lin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr Urol Rep"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pros.23195","article-title":"NF-\u03baB and androgen receptor variant 7 induce expression of SRD5A isoforms and confer 5ARI resistance","volume":"76","author":"Austin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Prostate"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-410X.2012.11559.x","article-title":"Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for lower urinary tract symptoms in benign prostatic hyperplasia: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"111","author":"Kahokehr","year":"2013","journal-title":"BJU Int"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bju.12118","article-title":"The role of chronic prostatic inflammation in the pathogenesis and progression of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)","volume":"112","author":"Gandaglia","year":"2013","journal-title":"BJU Int"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-018-0415-2","article-title":"Deregulation of ATG9A by impaired AR signaling induces autophagy in prostate stromal fibroblasts and promotes BPH progression","volume":"9","author":"Jiang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1231","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-024-13006-x","article-title":"Comparative transcriptome of normal and cancer-associated fibroblasts","volume":"24","author":"Abikar","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Cancer"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1186\/s43556-025-00360-w","article-title":"Fibroblasts promote the progression of benign prostatic hyperplasia through colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor-mediated RTK signaling in prostatic epithelial cells","volume":"6","author":"Zhan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol BioMed"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2026.110085","article-title":"Di-n-butyl phthalate induces NF-\u03baB-mediated senescence-associated secretory phenotype to promote epithelial proliferation, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, and benign prostatic hyperplasia","volume":"208","author":"Li","year":"2026","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1186\/s40779-025-00614-2","article-title":"Salmonella enterica mediated epigenetic promotion of fibrosis is a novel factor in benign prostatic hyperplasia","volume":"12","author":"Zhu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mil Med Res"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41585-025-01112-9","article-title":"SRD5A2 and emerging therapies in androgen-driven disorders","volume":"7","author":"Wang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Nat Rev Urol"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2025.157165","article-title":"Elucidating the therapeutic mechanisms of resveratrol in benign prostatic hyperplasia via an integrated strategy of network pharmacology, multi-omics and molecular biology","volume":"147","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2006.12.011","article-title":"Is benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) an immune inflammatory disease","volume":"51","author":"Kramer","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur Urol"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202304274","article-title":"YAP1 recognizes inflammatory and mechanical cues to exacerbate benign prostatic hyperplasia via promoting cell survival and fibrosis","volume":"11","author":"Lin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv Sci (Weinh)"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2022.01.009","article-title":"Combination of tadalafil and finasteride for the treatment of urinary tract symptoms related to benign prostatic hyperplasia: Commercialization of the prescribing cascade","volume":"81","author":"Nguyen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur Urol"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.188062","article-title":"TIAM1 drives prostatic branching phenotype and is a potential therapeutic target for benign prostatic hyperplasia","volume":"10","author":"Khedmatgozar","year":"2025","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2024.118068","article-title":"Elucidation of active components and target mechanism in Jinqiancao granules for the treatment of prostatitis and benign prostatic hyperplasia","volume":"328","author":"Zhou","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Ethnopharmacol"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/cells13151286","article-title":"A novel liquid biopsy method based on specific combinations of vesicular markers allows us to discriminate prostate cancer from hyperplasia","volume":"13","author":"Martorana","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2025.156931","article-title":"Kangquan formula ameliorates the benign prostatic hyperplasia induced by testosterone propionate in rats by regulating urine microecology and metabolic profile","volume":"144","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glaf073","article-title":"Elucidating cellular senescence-related genes in benign prostatic hyperplasia through Mendelian randomization and single-cell RNA sequencing","volume":"80","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci"},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mco2.70129","article-title":"Heat shock protein family A member 1A attenuates apoptosis and oxidative stress via ERK\/JNK pathway in hyperplastic prostate","volume":"6","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"MedComm (2020)"},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s12276-023-01140-8","article-title":"Spatial architectures of somatic mutations in normal prostate, benign prostatic hyperplasia and coexisting prostate cancer","volume":"56","author":"Chae","year":"2024","journal-title":"Exp Mol Med"},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-024-01979-1","article-title":"JAK\/STAT signaling maintains an intermediate cell population during prostate basal cell fate determination","volume":"56","author":"Guo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Genet"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Immunology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1881717\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T09:32:39Z","timestamp":1784885559000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1881717\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]]},"references-count":97,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1881717"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1881717","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-3224"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-3224","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]]},"article-number":"1881717"}}