{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T10:16:56Z","timestamp":1788171416176,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788134400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Efgartigimod can rapidly reduce serum IgG antibody levels and decrease antibody-mediated neuroinflammation and damage. It is primarily used to treat autoimmune diseases. Glial fibrillary acidic protein astrocytopathy (GFAP-A) is a disease of the central nervous system characterized by GFAP antibodies. It has a high incidence of autonomic dysfunction in patients and there is currently no effective treatment plan. It is not known whether efgartigimod can improve autonomic dysfunction in GFAP-A.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Case presentation<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>All three patients with GFAP-A presented with autonomic dysfunction, which manifested as urinary and defecatory disorders. Marked remission of corticosteroid-refractory autonomic dysfunction was observed following combined treatment with efgartigimod and corticosteroids. All three patients presented with autonomic dysfunction. Patient 1 experienced marked improvement in autonomic function after the addition of efgartigimod, despite showing no significant improvement after high-dose pulse steroid therapy. Patient 2 showed no significant improvement after treatment with low-dose steroids, but achieved complete recovery of autonomic dysfunction after efgartigimod treatment. Patient 3 initially received low-dose steroids, with no significant improvement in autonomic dysfunction. After switching to a high dose of steroids combined with efgartigimod, the patient\u2019s autonomic dysfunction gradually improved.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We observed that after combined treatment with efgartigimod and corticosteroids, the corticosteroid-refractory autonomic dysfunction in GFAP-A patients was significantly alleviated, providing a new clinical treatment option. However, this article is based on a small sample size and requires further validation through larger-scale studies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1882447","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T09:36:35Z","timestamp":1788168995000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Case Report: Efficacy of efgartigimod for autonomic dysfunction in patients with autoimmune glial fibrillary acidic protein astrocytopathy: a case series of 3 patients"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Huayi","family":"Ma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Shantou Central Hospital","place":["Shantou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bingying","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Shantou Central 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