{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T23:40:13Z","timestamp":1788565213669,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":127,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782432000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a highly prevalent malignancy worldwide. Traditional treatments, including surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy, have limited efficacy in advanced-stage patients, therefore innovative strategies are urgently needed. Targeted immunotherapy and nanomedicine, as emerging therapeutic directions, offer new possibilities to address this therapeutic impasse. This review systematically summarizes the current application of targeted immunotherapy (immune checkpoint inhibitors, CAR-T cell therapy, and tumor vaccines) in CRC, as well as the research progress of nanomedicine (e.g., liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles, and metal nanoparticles) in drug delivery, immunomodulation, and combination therapy. 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