{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T04:46:26Z","timestamp":1785818786558,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785801600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To report the clinical characteristics, diagnostic process, and therapeutic outcome of a case of atypical ocular toxoplasmosis involving the nasal peripheral retina, and to provide reference for the differential diagnosis of this disease.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Clinical data of a 61-year-old female patient with atypical ocular toxoplasmosis in the left eye were retrospectively analyzed, including medical history, ocular examinations, laboratory tests, diagnosis and treatment process, and follow-up results.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The patient presented with \u201cleft eye floaters for 3 months\u201d. She was initially diagnosed with left eye panuveitis at an external hospital, and received anti-inflammatory treatment including glucocorticoids. Although symptoms partially relieved, the retinal lesion showed progressive enlargement. After admission, comprehensive examinations revealed a 2\u20133 papillary diameter (PD) round white lesion in the inferonasal peripheral retina of the left eye, accompanied by flocculent vitreous opacity. Aqueous humor inflammatory factors were significantly elevated: interleukin (IL)-8 121.3 pg\/mL, IL-6 371.8 pg\/mL, and vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM) 15637.8 pg\/mL, while nucleic acid tests for herpes viruses in aqueous humor were negative. Combined with the history of cat exposure, positive serum and intraocular fluid Toxoplasma gondii test results, and diagnostic Goldmann-Witmer coefficient, the final diagnosis of atypical ocular toxoplasmosis in the left eye was confirmed. After treatment with pyrimethamine combined with glucocorticoids and adjuvant anti-inflammatory therapy, intraocular inflammation was controlled and the lesion became stable.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Ocular toxoplasmosis can present as atypical peripheral retinal lesions, which is easily confused with acute retinal necrosis and other diseases in clinical practice. Definitive diagnosis can be made by combining pet exposure history, laboratory pathogen testing, and characteristic imaging manifestations. Standard anti-parasitic combined with anti-inflammatory therapy can achieve favorable prognosis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1884073","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T04:26:55Z","timestamp":1785817615000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Case Report: Unusual inferonasal peripheral retinal involvement in ocular toxoplasmosis: a case report with diagnostic and therapeutic implications"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Xiaodong","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine","place":["Guiyang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Qin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese","place":["Zhongshan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hang","family":"Long","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Tongren Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine","place":["Tongren, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yong","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shaanxi Provincial Cancer Hospital, Affiliated to Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University","place":["Shaanxi, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.3109\/09273948.2012.661115","article-title":"Epidemiology of ocular toxoplasmosis","volume":"20","author":"Petersen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ocular Immunol Inflammation"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1007\/s10792-021-01994-9","article-title":"Ocular toxoplasmosis: A review of the current diagnostic and therapeutic approaches","volume":"42","author":"Kalogeropoulos","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int Ophthalmol"},{"key":"B3","first-page":"78","article-title":"Research progress on epidemiology, prevention and control of Toxoplasma gondii","author":"Zhu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Modern Anim Husbandry Veterinary Med"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3347\/kjp.2013.51.4.393","article-title":"Clinical features and treatment of ocular toxoplasmosis","volume":"51","author":"Park","year":"2013","journal-title":"Korean J Parasitol"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09273948.2022.2117705","article-title":"Ocular toxoplasmosis","volume":"31","author":"Goh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ocular Immunol Inflammation"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000363141","article-title":"Ocular toxoplasmosis: Recent aspects of pathophysiology and clinical implications","volume":"52","author":"Pleyer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Res"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2733-3310","article-title":"Outcome of ocular toxoplasmosis in a paediatric population","volume":"243","author":"Kitay","year":"2026","journal-title":"Klinische Monatsbl\u00e4tter Fr Augenheilkunde"},{"key":"B8","first-page":"503139","article-title":"Congenital ocular toxoplasmosis: Retrospective diagnosis by PCR in heel prick blood in a pediatric case","volume":"44","author":"Garc\u00eda Gamb\u00edn","year":"2026","journal-title":"Enfermedades Infecciosas Y Microbiolog\u00eda Cl\u00ednica (English Edition)"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri1224","article-title":"Ocular immune privilege: Therapeutic opportunities from an experiment of nature","volume":"3","author":"Streilein","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3347\/phd.24001","article-title":"Clinical characteristics of toxoplasmosis patients in Korea: A retrospective study using health insurance review and assessment service data and electronic medical records","volume":"62","author":"Ham","year":"2024","journal-title":"Parasites Hosts Dis"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/20477724.2018.1552644","article-title":"Patient and treatment pathways for toxoplasmosis in the United States: Data analysis of the Vizient Health Systems Data from 2011 to 2017","volume":"112","author":"Belk","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pathog Global Health"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40268-017-0206-8","article-title":"Adverse event profile of pyrimethamine-based therapy in toxoplasmosis: A systematic review","volume":"17","author":"Ben-Harari","year":"2017","journal-title":"Drugs R&D"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1097\/ICB.0000000000001906","article-title":"Longitudinal follow-up of peripapillary Kyrieleis plaques in a case with unilateral intermediate uveitis related to ocular toxoplasmosis without a focus of retinochoroiditis","author":"Kayaba\u015f\u0131","year":"2026","journal-title":"Retinal cases Brief Rep"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/icb.2012.21","article-title":"Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoites cross retinal endothelium assisted by intercellular adhesion molecule-1 in vitro","volume":"90","author":"Furtado","year":"2012","journal-title":"Immunol Cell Biol"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.47060","article-title":"Atypical ocular toxoplasmosis: Multifocal segmental retinal arteritis (Kyrieleis arteritis) and peripheral choroidal lesion","volume":"15","author":"Khadamy","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"B16","article-title":"Value of estimating intraocular antibody production in diagnosis of typical and atypical lesions of ocular toxoplasmosis","volume":"33","author":"Fawzy","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Egyptian Soc Parasitol"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09273948.2018.1499940","article-title":"Immune mediators against Toxoplasma gondii during reactivation of toxoplasmic retinochoroiditis","volume":"27","author":"Rudzinski","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ocular Immunol Inflammation"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/iae.0000000000004379","article-title":"Diagnostic and therapeutic challenges in acute retinal necrosis: An update","volume":"38","author":"Kalogeropoulos","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eye"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.99150","article-title":"Unilateral vision loss in a child revealing ocular toxocariasis","volume":"17","author":"El Korno","year":"2026","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2026.04.031","article-title":"Tubercular retinitis: Clinical spectrum and multimodal imaging features of an insufficiently characterized entity","volume":"288","author":"Arora","year":"2026","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11596-025-00028-0","article-title":"Clinical manifestations of ocular toxoplasmosis in Hubei, China: Case series","volume":"45","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Curr Med Sci"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.04.026","article-title":"Current treatment of ocular toxoplasmosis in immunocompetent patients: A network meta-analysis","volume":"185","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09273948.2025.2594658","article-title":"Intravitreal clindamycin for multifocal toxoplasma retinochoroiditis in immunocompromised patients: A case series with aqueous humor PCR confirmation","volume":"34","author":"Linhares","year":"2026","journal-title":"Ocular Immunol Inflammation"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Immunology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1884073\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T04:26:57Z","timestamp":1785817617000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1884073\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]]},"references-count":23,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1884073"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1884073","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-3224"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-3224","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]]},"article-number":"1884073"}}