{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T06:18:17Z","timestamp":1783491497547,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":146,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783468800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cholesterol metabolism, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and the tumor immune microenvironment are increasingly recognized as interconnected drivers of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease\/metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis-related HCC (MASLD\/MASH-HCC). However, cholesterol dysregulation during hepatocarcinogenesis is often discussed as isolated pathways or single-stage events, and evidence strength differs across human HCC tissues, preclinical HCC models, and non-HCC systems. This review integrates mechanistic, spatial multi-omics, and translational evidence to highlight cholesterol dyshomeostasis as a stage- and cell-type-specific rewiring of synthesis, uptake, esterification, efflux, and conversion rather than a uniform metabolic increase. In chronic metabolic liver disease, sterol regulatory element-binding protein 2 (SREBP2)\u2013SREBP cleavage-activating protein (SCAP) activation, impaired bile acid\u2013farnesoid X receptor (FXR) feedback, free-cholesterol loading, and oxysterol accumulation may connect hepatocyte stress with stellate-cell activation, macrophage remodeling, inflammation, and fibrosis. During preneoplastic transition and early HCC, squalene epoxidase (SQLE), sterol O-acyltransferase 1 (SOAT1), farnesyl-diphosphate farnesyltransferase 1 (FDFT1), 24-dehydrocholesterol reductase (DHCR24), and SCAP-regulatory circuits may support membrane remodeling, oncogenic signaling, metabolic autonomy, and impaired immune surveillance, although their evidence levels vary. In advanced and metastatic HCC, spatially resolved studies suggest cholesterol-active tumor regions may be coupled to exhausted T cells, tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), extracellular vesicle signaling, and oxysterol-mediated communication. We further discuss stage-aligned diagnostic and therapeutic opportunities, proposing cholesterol metabolic rewiring as a hypothesis-generating and partially validated framework for HCC initiation, progression, recurrence, and therapeutic resistance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1884948","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T05:54:39Z","timestamp":1783490079000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Cholesterol metabolic rewiring shapes immune remodeling across hepatocarcinogenesis"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Wentao","family":"Ma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University","place":["Lanzhou, Gansu, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fengxu","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanchang University Queen Mary School","place":["Nanchang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University","place":["Lanzhou, Gansu, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guoqing","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University","place":["Lanzhou, Gansu, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanxi","family":"Mu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University","place":["Lanzhou, Gansu, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhiqiang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University","place":["Lanzhou, Gansu, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuefeng","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University","place":["Lanzhou, Gansu, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianxin","family":"Gan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Surgery, The Second Hospital of Lanzhou University","place":["Lanzhou, Gansu, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenwei","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhangzhou Yuanshan Hospital","place":["Zhangzhou, Fujian, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weixiong","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University","place":["Lanzhou, Gansu, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yusheng","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University","place":["Lanzhou, Gansu, China"]},{"name":"Department of General Surgery, The Second Hospital of Lanzhou University","place":["Lanzhou, Gansu, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3350\/cmh.2024.0824","article-title":"Hepatocellular carcinoma: updates on epidemiology, surveillance, diagnosis and treatment","volume":"31","author":"Hwang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clin Mol Hepatol"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/hep.0000000000000786","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms in MASLD\/MASH-related HCC","volume":"82","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3350\/cmh.2025.1157","article-title":"Targeting ERLIN1 reveals a coordinated cholesterol-dependent vulnerability in hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"32","author":"Zhang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Clin Mol Hepatol"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-025-01168-3","article-title":"Balancing cholesterol metabolism in the liver and\u00a0gut: perspectives in health and disease","volume":"23","author":"Yamauchi","year":"2026","journal-title":"Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccr.2012.02.014","article-title":"Metabolic reprogramming: a cancer hallmark even warburg did not anticipate","volume":"21","author":"Ward","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2025-012345","article-title":"Targeting SQLE-mediated cholesterol metabolism to enhance CD8(+) T cell activation and immunotherapy efficacy in hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"13","author":"Qiao","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Immunother Cancer"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-16483-5_2131","article-title":"Inhibiting cholesterol de\u00a0novo\u00a0synthesis promotes hepatocellular carcinoma progression by upregulating\u00a0prostaglandin E synthase 2-mediated arachidonic acid metabolism under high fatty acid conditions","volume":"115","author":"Zhao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cancer Sci"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1038\/s41576-023-00580-2","article-title":"Methods and applications for single-cell and spatial multi-omics","volume":"24","author":"Vandereyken","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Rev Genet"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41580-019-0190-7","article-title":"Mechanisms and regulation of cholesterol homeostasis","volume":"21","author":"Luo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1038\/s41698-024-00752-1","article-title":"Single cell-spatial transcriptomics and bulk multi-omics analysis of heterogeneity and ecosystems in hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"8","author":"Ye","year":"2024","journal-title":"NPJ Precis Oncol"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/jci0215593","article-title":"SREBPs: activators of the complete program of cholesterol and fatty acid synthesis in the liver","volume":"109","author":"Horton","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-022-01125-5","article-title":"Regulation of cholesterol homeostasis in health and diseases: from mechanisms to targeted therapeutics","volume":"7","author":"Duan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Signal Transd Targ Ther"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00041433-200106000-00008","article-title":"Roles of acyl-coenzyme A:cholesterol acyltransferase-1 and -2","volume":"12","author":"Chang","year":"2001","journal-title":"Curr Opin Lipidol"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.livres.2020.05.001","article-title":"Up to date on cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase (CYP7A1) in bile acid synthesis","volume":"4","author":"Chiang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Liv Res"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.m017079","article-title":"Nascent HDL formation in hepatocytes and role of ABCA1, ABCG1, and SR-BI","volume":"53","author":"Ji","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Lipid Res"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.02670","article-title":"Contribution of macrophage efferocytosis to liver homeostasis and disease","volume":"10","author":"Horst","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2018.01.020","article-title":"Macrophages and lipid metabolism","volume":"330","author":"Remmerie","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Immunol"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2010.11.053","article-title":"Liver X receptor signaling is a determinant of stellate cell activation and susceptibility to fibrotic liver disease","volume":"140","author":"Beaven","year":"2011","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.106597","article-title":"Metabolism of hepatic stellate cells in chronic liver diseases: emerging molecular and therapeutic interventions","volume":"15","author":"Yan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s1001-9294(14)60008-0","article-title":"Roles of the lipid metabolism in hepatic stellate cells activation","volume":"28","author":"Jing","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chin Med Sci J"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2011.09.049","article-title":"A high-cholesterol diet exacerbates liver fibrosis in mice via accumulation of free cholesterol in hepatic stellate cells","volume":"142","author":"Teratani","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2014.03.018","article-title":"Acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase 1 mediates liver fibrosis by regulating free cholesterol accumulation in hepatic stellate cells","volume":"61","author":"Tomita","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.29613","article-title":"Angiocrine Wnt signaling controls liver growth and metabolic maturation in mice","volume":"68","author":"Leibing","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2021.09.007","article-title":"Role and regulation of Wnt\/\u03b2-Catenin in hepatic perivenous zonation and physiological homeostasis","volume":"192","author":"Goel","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3793","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2023.07.017","article-title":"Humanized mouse liver reveals endothelial control of essential hepatic metabolic functions","volume":"186","author":"Kaffe","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2021.757469","article-title":"The scavenger function of liver sinusoidal endothelial cells in health and disease","volume":"12","author":"Bhandari","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00215.2010","article-title":"Role of liver sinusoidal endothelial cells and stabilins in elimination of oxidized low-density lipoproteins","volume":"300","author":"Li","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liv Physiol"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2023.12.005","article-title":"Role of hepatic stellate and liver sinusoidal endothelial cells in a human primary cell three-dimensional model of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis","volume":"194","author":"Tan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2024.01.032","article-title":"The emerging role of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists for the treatment of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis","volume":"22","author":"Abushamat","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/db24-1173","article-title":"Concerted actions of FoxO1 and PPAR\u03b1 in hepatic gene expression and metabolic adaptation","volume":"74","author":"Kitamoto","year":"2025","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/elife.79529","article-title":"Inflammatory stress signaling via NF-kB alters accessible cholesterol to upregulate SREBP2 transcriptional activity in endothelial cells","volume":"11","author":"Fowler","year":"2022","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2021.101210","article-title":"Suppression of insulin-induced gene 1 (INSIG1) function promotes hepatic lipid remodelling and restrains NASH progression","volume":"48","author":"Azzu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol Metab"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2025.107990","article-title":"The role of glycolysis in MASLD development: pathogenesis and therapeutic strategies","volume":"221","author":"Shang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Pharmacol Res"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-023-00888-8","article-title":"Hepatic glucose metabolism in the steatotic liver","volume":"21","author":"Scoditti","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2023.115985","article-title":"Pharmacological modulation of cholesterol 7\u03b1-hydroxylase (CYP7A1) as a therapeutic strategy for hypercholesterolemia","volume":"220","author":"Yu Cai Lim","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biochem Pharmacol"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgaf516","article-title":"Serum proteomics of insulin resistance disorders distinguish MASLD from lipodystrophy and insulin receptor defects","volume":"111","author":"Mironova","year":"2026","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2024.101148","article-title":"A gut microbiota-independent mechanism shapes the bile acid pool in mice with MASH","volume":"6","author":"Gillard","year":"2024","journal-title":"JHEP Rep"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/3589525","article-title":"Farnesoid X receptor deficiency induces hepatic lipid and glucose metabolism disorder via regulation of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 4","volume":"2022","author":"Deng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Oxid Med Cell Longev"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4490","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-06931-6","article-title":"Dietary cholesterol promotes steatohepatitis related hepatocellular carcinoma through dysregulated metabolism and calcium signaling","volume":"9","author":"Liang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-025-07717-5","article-title":"Induction of MASH-like pathogenesis in the Nwd1(-\/-) mouse liver","volume":"8","author":"Yamada","year":"2025","journal-title":"Commun Biol"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.3390\/cells14060449","article-title":"Cell homeostasis or cell death-the balancing act between autophagy and apoptosis caused by steatosis-induced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress","volume":"14","author":"Stilkerich","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2024.103149","article-title":"ALOX15B controls macrophage cholesterol homeostasis via lipid peroxidation, ERK1\/2 and SREBP2","volume":"72","author":"Benatzy","year":"2024","journal-title":"Redox Biol"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plipres.2024.101304","article-title":"How active cholesterol coordinates cell cholesterol homeostasis: test of a hypothesis","volume":"96","author":"Lange","year":"2024","journal-title":"Prog Lipid Res"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2023.11.043","article-title":"27-Hydroxycholesterol induces liver fibrosis via down-regulation of trimethylation of histone H3 at lysine 27 by activating oxidative stress; effect of nutrient interventions","volume":"210","author":"Jiao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Free Radic Biol Med"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2025.03.010","article-title":"Regulation of hepatic stellate cell phenotypes in metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis","volume":"169","author":"Kisseleva","year":"2025","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.34133\/bmef.0181","article-title":"Three-dimensional dynamic cell models for metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease progression","volume":"6","author":"Huang","year":"2025","journal-title":"BME Front"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2024.156004","article-title":"Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease and its link to cancer","volume":"160","author":"Kalligeros","year":"2024","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101418","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2020.08.014","article-title":"C\/EBP\u03b2-VCAM1 axis in Kupffer cells promotes hepatic inflammation in MASLD","volume":"7","author":"Lin","year":"2025","journal-title":"JHEP Rep"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.117146","article-title":"SLC25A1-mediated cholesterol accumulation promotes endometriosis progression by enhancing endometrial stromal cell proliferation, invasion, and M2 macrophage polarization","volume":"22","author":"Yang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Int J Biol Sci"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1604837","article-title":"TREM2 in MASH: integrating lipid metabolism and immune response","volume":"16","author":"Shi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.210149","article-title":"Hepatocellular carcinoma in evolution: Correlation with CEUS LI-RADS","volume":"42","author":"Nguyen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Radiographics"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.15152","article-title":"Preneoplastic lesions in the liver: Molecular insights and relevance for clinical practice","volume":"42","author":"Desjonqueres","year":"2022","journal-title":"Liv Int"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gtc.2023.11.005","article-title":"Hepatic precancerous lesions and early hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"53","author":"Wen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Gastroenterol Clin North Am"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15252\/embr.202152537","article-title":"p53 transcriptionally regulates SQLE to repress cholesterol synthesis and tumor growth","volume":"22","author":"Sun","year":"2021","journal-title":"EMBO Rep"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.22541\/au.164201880.00585800\/v1","article-title":"Squalene epoxidase promotes hepatocellular carcinoma development by activating STRAP transcription and TGF-\u03b2\/SMAD signalling","volume":"180","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2023-331117","article-title":"Targeting squalene epoxidase restores anti-PD-1 efficacy in metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis-induced hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"73","author":"Wen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1276","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2023.04.016","article-title":"Exhaustion-associated cholesterol deficiency dampens the cytotoxic arm of antitumor immunity","volume":"41","author":"Yan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2023.05.013","article-title":"Cholesterol atlas of tumor microenvironment provides route to improved CAR-T therapy","volume":"41","author":"Chaves-Filho","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.102305","article-title":"Cholesterol induces CD8(+) T cell exhaustion in the tumor microenvironment","volume":"30","author":"Ma","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41423-024-01224-z","article-title":"Regulation of CD8+ T cells by lipid metabolism in cancer progression","volume":"21","author":"Tang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Mol Immunol"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41423-022-00872-3","article-title":"Aberrant cholesterol metabolic signaling impairs antitumor immunosurveillance through natural killer T cell dysfunction in obese liver","volume":"19","author":"Tang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Mol Immunol"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep4.1880","article-title":"Chronic activation of LXR\u03b1 sensitizes mice to hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"6","author":"Xie","year":"2022","journal-title":"Hepatol Commun"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1186\/s13578-024-01248-y","article-title":"Pivotal role of intestinal cholesterol and nuclear receptor LXR in metabolic liver steatohepatitis and hepatocarcinoma","volume":"14","author":"Piccinin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Biosci"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2024.101087","article-title":"PPP1R15A-expressing monocytic MDSCs promote immunosuppressive liver microenvironment in fibrosis-associated hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"6","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"JHEP Rep"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41423-025-01308-4","article-title":"Immune microenvironment in hepatocellular carcinoma: From pathogenesis to immunotherapy","volume":"22","author":"Seyhan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell Mol Immunol"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.105276","article-title":"Metabolic regulation of myeloid-derived suppressor cells in tumor immune microenvironment: Targets and therapeutic strategies","volume":"15","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-024-06711-9","article-title":"SOAT1 regulates cholesterol metabolism to induce EMT in hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"15","author":"Fu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202411719","article-title":"Targeting FDFT1 reduces cholesterol and bile acid production and delays hepatocellular carcinoma progression through the HNF4A\/ALDOB\/AKT1 axis","volume":"12","author":"Cai","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv Sci (Weinh)"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2025.116640","article-title":"Post-translational switch of DHCR24 acetylation sustains sterol synthesis and promotes HCC via the 7-ketocholesterol\/p62 axis","volume":"44","author":"Zhou","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114962","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2025.115586","article-title":"ZDHHC3-mediated SCAP S-acylation promotes cholesterol biosynthesis and tumor immune escape in hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"43","author":"Wu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41388-023-02757-9","article-title":"A positive feedback between cholesterol synthesis and the pentose phosphate pathway rather than glycolysis promotes hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"42","author":"Hu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.can-23-2889","article-title":"SPARC stabilizes ApoE to induce cholesterol-dependent invasion and sorafenib resistance in hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"84","author":"Wan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/hep.0000000000000979","article-title":"Spatial proteomic landscape of primary and relapsed hepatocellular carcinoma reveals immune escape characteristics in early relapse","volume":"81","author":"Yang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s43018-024-00828-8","article-title":"Spatial analysis reveals targetable macrophage-mediated mechanisms of immune evasion in hepatocellular carcinoma minimal residual disease","volume":"5","author":"Lemaitre","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Cancer"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.32573","article-title":"Multiomics identifies the link between intratumor steatosis and the exhausted tumor immune microenvironment in hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"77","author":"Murai","year":"2023","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neo.2025.101234","article-title":"PD-L1(+) tumor-associated macrophages induce CD8(+) T cell exhaustion in hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"69","author":"Nosaka","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neoplasia"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/hc9.0000000000000837","article-title":"Lipid metabolism in cancer cells: Its role in hepatocellular carcinoma progression and therapeutic resistance","volume":"9","author":"Wong","year":"2025","journal-title":"Hepatol Commun"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/hep.0000000000000591","article-title":"Spatial proteomics of immune microenvironment in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis-associated hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"79","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/2326-6066.cir-24-0589","article-title":"Spatial organization of macrophages in CTL-rich hepatocellular carcinoma influences CTL antitumor activity","volume":"13","author":"Weng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cancer Immunol Res"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adv0558","article-title":"Sphingolipid synthesis in tumor-associated macrophages confers immunotherapy resistance in hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"11","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci Adv"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2024.155532","article-title":"Arenobufagin modulation of PCSK9-mediated cholesterol metabolism induces tumor-associated macrophages polarisation to inhibit hepatocellular carcinoma progression","volume":"128","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1601215","article-title":"Progression to fibrosis and hepatocellular carcinoma in DEN CCl(4) liver mice, is associated with macrophage and striking regulatory T cells infiltration","volume":"16","author":"Ajith","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1644645","article-title":"Exosomal FABP5 drives HCC progression via macrophage lipid metabolism and immune microenvironment remodeling","volume":"16","author":"Luo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1186\/s12943-023-01759-1","article-title":"Exosome-derived circCCAR1 promotes CD8\u2009+\u2009T-cell dysfunction and anti-PD1 resistance in hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"22","author":"Hu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol Cancer"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/cm9.0000000000003894","article-title":"Exosomal Ppar\u03b1 derived from cancer cells induces CD8 + T cell exhaustion in hepatocellular carcinoma through the miR-27b-3p \/TOX axis","volume":"138","author":"Zhong","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chin Med J (Engl)"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13046-023-02865-0","article-title":"TMEM147 aggravates the progression of HCC by modulating cholesterol homeostasis, suppressing ferroptosis, and promoting the M2 polarization of tumor-associated macrophages","volume":"42","author":"Huang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Exp Clin Cancer Res"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2025.1579054","article-title":"Cholesterol effects on the tumor immune microenvironment: From fundamental concepts to mechanisms and implications","volume":"15","author":"Lagunas-Rangel","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20130440","article-title":"The oxysterol-CXCR2 axis plays a key role in the recruitment of tumor-promoting neutrophils","volume":"210","author":"Raccosta","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1251","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11081251","article-title":"Effects of oxysterols on immune cells and related diseases","volume":"11","author":"de Freitas","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4161\/onci.26469","article-title":"Oxysterols recruit tumor-supporting neutrophils within the tumor microenvironment: The many facets of tumor-derived oxysterols","volume":"2","author":"Raccosta","year":"2013","journal-title":"Oncoimmunology"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.1057546","article-title":"Cholesterol: An important actor on the cancer immune scene","volume":"13","author":"Halimi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2024.117064","article-title":"LINC00618 facilitates growth and metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma via elevating cholesterol synthesis by promoting NSUN2-mediated SREBP2 m5C modification","volume":"285","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol Environ Saf"},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gendis.2024.101285","article-title":"Inhibiting HMGCR represses stemness and metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma via Hedgehog signaling","volume":"11","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Genes Dis"},{"key":"B94","article-title":"25-HC promotes hepatocellular carcinoma metastasis through up-regulation of TLR4 dependent FABP4","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Cancer Res"},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"800","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2023.05.005","article-title":"Cholesterol efflux pathways hinder KRAS-driven lung tumor progenitor cell expansion","volume":"30","author":"Guilbaud","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2018.04.038","article-title":"Cholesterol inhibits hepatocellular carcinoma invasion and metastasis by promoting CD44 localization in lipid rafts","volume":"429","author":"Yang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cancer Lett"},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2022.215921","article-title":"The lipid transporter HDLBP promotes hepatocellular carcinoma metastasis through BRAF-dependent epithelial-mesenchymal transition","volume":"549","author":"Yuan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cancer Lett"},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/cm9.0000000000003144","article-title":"The switch triggering the invasion process: Lipid metabolism in the metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"137","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chin Med J (Engl)"},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2023.102732","article-title":"Lipophagy-mediated cholesterol synthesis inhibition is required for the survival of hepatocellular carcinoma under glutamine deprivation","volume":"63","author":"Kong","year":"2023","journal-title":"Redox Biol"},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.53347\/rid-6871","article-title":"RPL6 interacts with HMGCS1 to stabilize HIF-1\u03b1 by promoting cholesterol production in hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"12","author":"Yang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv Sci (Weinh)"},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1186\/s40170-023-00328-w","article-title":"A HIF-1\u03b1 inhibitor combined with palmitic acid and L-carnitine treatment can prevent the fat metabolic reprogramming under hypoxia and induce apoptosis in hepatocellular carcinoma cells","volume":"11","author":"Matsufuji","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cancer Metab"},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41388-023-02771-x","article-title":"Activation of invasion by oncogenic reprogramming of cholesterol metabolism via increased NPC1 expression and macropinocytosis","volume":"42","author":"Skorda","year":"2023","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2022.0047","article-title":"Emerging insights on immunotherapy in liver cancer","volume":"37","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Antioxid Redox Signal"},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2024.113773","article-title":"THBS1(+) myeloid cells expand in SLD hepatocellular carcinoma and contribute to immunosuppression and unfavorable prognosis through TREM1","volume":"43","author":"Giraud","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.33552","article-title":"Chronic restraint stress promotes the mobilization and recruitment of myeloid-derived suppressor cells through \u03b2-adrenergic-activated CXCL5-CXCR2-Erk signaling cascades","volume":"149","author":"Cao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-021-03788-4","article-title":"Monocytic MDSC mobilization promotes tumor recurrence after liver transplantation via CXCL10\/TLR4\/MMP14 signaling","volume":"12","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis"},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.3892\/ol.2022.13213","article-title":"Myeloid-derived suppressor cell infiltration is associated with a poor prognosis in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"23","author":"Tomiyama","year":"2022","journal-title":"Oncol Lett"},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1186\/s12964-025-02170-7","article-title":"The immunosuppressive role of MDSCs in HCC: mechanisms and therapeutic opportunities","volume":"23","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell Commun Signal"},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3248","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers13133248","article-title":"The TGF-\u03b2 pathway: a pharmacological target in hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"13","author":"Gonzalez-Sanchez","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)"},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scisignal.adl5100","article-title":"CXCR4 signaling determines the fate of hematopoietic multipotent progenitors by stimulating mTOR activity and mitochondrial metabolism","volume":"17","author":"Rondeau","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci Signal"},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.35390","article-title":"Delineation of monocytic and early-stage myeloid-derived suppressor cells in the peripheral blood of patients with hepatocarcinoma","volume":"156","author":"Chivite-Lacaba","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2025.01.066","article-title":"CXCR4 antagonist-loaded nanoparticles reprogram the tumor microenvironment and enhance immunotherapy in hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"379","author":"Cheng","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Ctrl Rel"},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1007\/s10555-025-10278-y","article-title":"Metastasis-promoting functions of myeloid cells","volume":"44","author":"Kusmartsev","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cancer Metastasis Rev"},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/2162402x.2025.2473165","article-title":"MERTK inhibition improves therapeutic efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors in hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"14","author":"Llopiz","year":"2025","journal-title":"Oncoimmunology"},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1186\/s12943-025-02238-5","article-title":"Sorafenib enhanced the function of myeloid-derived suppressor cells in hepatocellular carcinoma by facilitating PPAR\u03b1-mediated fatty acid oxidation","volume":"24","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol Cancer"},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.3350\/cmh.2025.0746","article-title":"Tumor-based biomarkers and circulating tumor DNA for precision medicine in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"32","author":"Sidali","year":"2026","journal-title":"Clin Mol Hepatol"},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neo.2022.100788","article-title":"Myeloid-derived suppressor cells promote tumor growth and sorafenib resistance by inducing FGF1 upregulation and fibrosis","volume":"28","author":"Deng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neoplasia"},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2019.00483","article-title":"Oxysterols and gastrointestinal cancers around the clock","volume":"10","author":"Kova\u010d","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2024.101119","article-title":"Metabolomics biomarkers of hepatocellular carcinoma in a prospective cohort of patients with cirrhosis","volume":"6","author":"Sanchez","year":"2024","journal-title":"JHEP Rep"},{"key":"B120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2648","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers13112648","article-title":"Association between pre-diagnostic serum bile acids and hepatocellular carcinoma: the Singapore Chinese Health Study","volume":"13","author":"Thomas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)"},{"key":"B121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1186\/s13046-022-02306-4","article-title":"Cholesterol sensor SCAP contributes to sorafenib resistance by regulating autophagy in hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"41","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Exp Clin Cancer Res"},{"key":"B122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jmcb\/mjaf001","article-title":"ENO1-BACE2-mediated LDLR cleavage promotes liver cancer progression by remodelling cholesterol metabolism","volume":"17","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Mol Cell Biol"},{"key":"B123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jare.2024.11.021","article-title":"Oncogenic cholesterol rewires lipid metabolism in hepatocellular carcinoma via the CSNK2A1-IGF2R Ser2484 axis","volume":"76","author":"Su","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Adv Res"},{"key":"B124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ctm2.352","article-title":"AMD1 upregulates hepatocellular carcinoma cells stemness by FTO mediated mRNA demethylation","volume":"11","author":"Bian","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Transl Med"},{"key":"B125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2025.101340","article-title":"Metabolomic liquid biopsy dynamics predict early-stage HCC and actionable candidates of human hepatocarcinogenesis","volume":"7","author":"Schulze","year":"2025","journal-title":"JHEP Rep"},{"key":"B126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"918","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-023-04801-4","article-title":"Integrated plasma metabolomics and lipidomics profiling highlights distinctive signature of hepatocellular carcinoma in HCV patients","volume":"21","author":"Caponigro","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Transl Med"},{"key":"B127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1186\/s12935-024-03593-x","article-title":"Prognostic, oncogenic roles, and pharmacogenomic features of AMD1 in hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"24","author":"Zhou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cancer Cell Int"},{"key":"B128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"888","DOI":"10.1007\/s12072-025-10799-2","article-title":"Breaking bottlenecks: the future of hepatocellular carcinoma clinical trials and therapeutic targets","volume":"19","author":"Zhu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Hepatol Int"},{"key":"B129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40364-023-00555-9","article-title":"Phenotypic and metabolomic characteristics of mouse models of metabolic associated steatohepatitis","volume":"12","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"biomark Res"},{"key":"B130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djae207","article-title":"Integrative multi-omics characterization of hepatocellular carcinoma in Hispanic patients","volume":"116","author":"Das","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Inst"},{"key":"B131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep4.2003","article-title":"A prospective investigation of serum bile acids with risk of liver cancer, fatal liver disease, and biliary tract cancer","volume":"6","author":"Farhat","year":"2022","journal-title":"Hepatol Commun"},{"key":"B132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2025.01.017","article-title":"Long-chain acylcarnitine deficiency promotes hepatocarcinogenesis","volume":"15","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Acta Pharm Sin B"},{"key":"B133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aap9840","article-title":"Squalene epoxidase drives NAFLD-induced hepatocellular carcinoma and is a pharmaceutical target","volume":"10","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"key":"B134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cas.15435","article-title":"27-Hydroxycholesterol promotes metastasis by SULT2A1-dependent alteration in hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"113","author":"He","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cancer Sci"},{"key":"B135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-025-06698-7","article-title":"Metabolic reprogramming in hepatocellular carcinoma: an integrated omics study of lipid pathways and their diagnostic potential","volume":"23","author":"Dai","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Transl Med"},{"key":"B136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1186\/s12935-023-03027-0","article-title":"Spatially resolved visualization of reprogrammed metabolism in hepatocellular carcinoma by mass spectrometry imaging","volume":"23","author":"Ma","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cancer Cell Int"},{"key":"B137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drup.2023.100926","article-title":"FOXK2 affects cancer cell response to chemotherapy by promoting nucleotide de novo synthesis","volume":"67","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Drug Resist Update"},{"key":"B138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jmedchem.3c00456","article-title":"Discovery of HPG1860, a structurally novel nonbile acid FXR agonist currently in clinical development for the treatment of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis","volume":"66","author":"Mo","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Med Chem"},{"key":"B139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jmedchem.1c01017","article-title":"Recent advances in the medicinal chemistry of farnesoid X receptor","volume":"64","author":"Fang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Med Chem"},{"key":"B140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jmedchem.2c00165","article-title":"Discovery of BMS-986339, a pharmacologically differentiated farnesoid X receptor agonist for the treatment of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis","volume":"65","author":"Nara","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Med Chem"},{"key":"B141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.10.005","article-title":"Statins are associated with a reduced risk of hepatocellular cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"144","author":"Singh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"B142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s42255-024-01201-w","article-title":"Targeting aldolase A in hepatocellular carcinoma leads to imbalanced glycolysis and energy stress due to uncontrolled FBP accumulation","volume":"7","author":"Snaebjornsson","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat Metab"},{"key":"B143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-025-02282-z","article-title":"D-lactate and glycerol as potential biomarkers of sorafenib activity in hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"10","author":"Pedretti","year":"2025","journal-title":"Signal Transd Targ Ther"},{"key":"B144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202401399","article-title":"Lactylation-driven IGF2BP3-mediated serine metabolism reprogramming and RNA m6A-modification promotes lenvatinib resistance in HCC","volume":"11","author":"Lu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv Sci (Weinh)"},{"key":"B145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s43018-020-00168-3","article-title":"LXR\u03b1 activation and Raf inhibition trigger lethal lipotoxicity in liver cancer","volume":"2","author":"Rudalska","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Cancer"},{"key":"B146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymthe.2024.10.025","article-title":"N6-methyladenosine modification activates the serine synthesis pathway to mediate therapeutic resistance in liver cancer","volume":"32","author":"Chan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol Ther"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Immunology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1884948\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T05:54:40Z","timestamp":1783490080000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1884948\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]]},"references-count":146,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1884948"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1884948","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-3224"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-3224","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]]},"article-number":"1884948"}}