{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T13:07:20Z","timestamp":1788440840512,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":199,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785110400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AI148529, R01AI148541"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AI148529, R01AI148541"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000154","name":"Division of Integrative Organismal Systems","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000154","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Mosquitoes impose a significant epidemiological burden on public health through the transmission of malaria parasites and arboviruses. Vector competence, the ability of a mosquito to acquire, maintain, and transmit pathogens, is tightly linked to immune regulation, but immune phenotypes in mosquitoes cannot be interpreted only as pathogen-triggered activation of canonical pathways. Following blood feeding, female mosquitoes undergo extensive physiological remodeling, including endocrine reprogramming, microbiota shifts, oxidative and barrier stress, digestive and metabolic activation, and coordinated modulation of immune function. Because pathogen acquisition occurs within this same physiological window, mosquito immunity must be interpreted in relation to the blood-fed state in which infection unfolds. In this review, we provide a conceptual synthesis of mosquito immune function around this blood-meal-centered framework, with emphasis on how microbiota dynamics, epithelial physiology, hemocyte activity, and systemic endocrine and nutritional signals shape immune capacity and vector competence. We then examine how conserved immune modules, including Toll, IMD, JAK\/STAT, JNK, RNA interference, and complement-like systems, act against bacteria, fungi, malaria parasites, and arboviruses, highlighting the distinction between pathway activation, effector function, tissue tolerance and repair, altered permissiveness, and pathogen restriction. We further discuss juvenile hormone, ecdysone, insulin-like signaling, and vertebrate-derived blood factors as systemic inputs that shape immune competence rather than reproduction alone. Finally, we propose that blood feeding can establish an anticipatory immune state, defined here as physiological preconditioning by recurrent feeding-associated cues rather than pathogen-specific prediction. This framework helps explain why the same immune pathways can restrict infection, preserve tissue integrity, or indirectly modulate transmission by altering tissue permissiveness.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1885857","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T13:06:43Z","timestamp":1785157603000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Blood feeding, microbiota, and layered mosquito immunity: from pathway phenotypes to vector competence"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"George-Rafael","family":"Samantsidis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Entomology, Comstock Hall, Cornell University","place":["Ithaca, NY, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicolas","family":"Buchon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Entomology, Comstock Hall, Cornell University","place":["Ithaca, NY, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","unstructured":"Vector-Borne Diseases"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-023-04444-2","article-title":"Impact of insecticide resistance on malaria vector competence: a literature review","volume":"22","author":"Suh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1011448","article-title":"Selection for insecticide resistance can promote Plasmodium falciparum infection in Anopheles","volume":"19","author":"Adams","year":"2023","journal-title":"PloS Pathog"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a025619","article-title":"Antimalarial drug resistance: a threat to malaria elimination","volume":"7","author":"Menard","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harbor Perspect Med"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1642","DOI":"10.3390\/v17121642","article-title":"Europe faces multiple arboviral threats in 2025","volume":"17","author":"Simonin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2016.03.046","article-title":"Climate change and Aedes vectors: 21st century projections for dengue transmission in Europe","volume":"7","author":"Liu-Helmersson","year":"2016","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007213","article-title":"Global expansion and redistribution of Aedes-borne virus transmission risk with climate change","volume":"13","author":"Ryan","year":"2018","journal-title":"PloS NeglTrop Dis"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7861\/CLINMEDICINE.19-2-149","article-title":"Global warming and arboviral infections","volume":"19","author":"Whitehorn","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Medicine J R Coll Physicians London"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-019-0476-8","article-title":"The current and future global distribution and population at risk of dengue","volume":"4","author":"Messina","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Microbiol"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-024-01026-0","article-title":"Effects of climate change and human activities on vector-borne diseases","volume":"22","author":"de Souza","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-023-05545-z","article-title":"The mosquito Aedes aEgypti requires a gut microbiota for normal fecundity, longevity and vector competence","volume":"6","author":"Harrison","year":"2023","journal-title":"Commun Biol"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2018.11.004","article-title":"A gut commensal bacterium promotes mosquito permissiveness to arboviruses","volume":"25","author":"Wu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-017-2040-9","article-title":"Microbiota activates IMD pathway and limits Sindbis infection in Aedes aEgypti","volume":"10","author":"Barletta","year":"2017","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a025593","article-title":"Anopheline reproductive biology: impacts on vectorial capacity and potential avenues for malaria control","volume":"7","author":"Mitchell","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harbor Perspect Med"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009815","article-title":"The impact of mating and sugar feeding on blood-feeding physiology and behavior in the arbovirus vector mosquito Aedes aEgypti","volume":"15","author":"League","year":"2021","journal-title":"PloS NeglTrop Dis"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0965-1748(02)00093-0","article-title":"Implications of time bomb model of ookinete invasion of midgut cells","volume":"32","author":"Han","year":"2002","journal-title":"Insect Biochem Mol Biol"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-019-0619-y","article-title":"Successive blood meals enhance virus dissemination within mosquitoes and increase transmission potential","volume":"5","author":"Armstrong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Microbiol"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/emboj\/19.22.6030","article-title":"Molecular interactions between Anopheles stephensi midgut cells and Plasmodium berghei: the time bomb theory of ookinete invasion of mosquitoes","volume":"19","author":"Han","year":"2000","journal-title":"EMBO J"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3763","article-title":"Immunity in Drosophila melanogaster-from microbial recognition to whole-organism physiology","volume":"14","author":"Buchon","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2009.01.003","article-title":"Drosophila intestinal response to bacterial infection: activation of host defense and stem cell proliferation","volume":"5","author":"Buchon","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.261573998","article-title":"A genome-wide analysis of immune responses in Drosophila","volume":"98","author":"Irving","year":"2001","journal-title":"PNAS"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1085432","article-title":"Dual activation of the Drosophila Toll pathway by two pattern recognition receptors","volume":"302","author":"Gobert","year":"2003","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ni922","article-title":"The Drosophila immune system detects bacteria through specific peptidoglycan recognition","volume":"4","author":"Leulier","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1001320","article-title":"Blood meal-derived heme decreases ROS levels in the midgut of Aedes aEgypti and allows proliferation of intestinal microbiota","volume":"7","author":"Oliveira","year":"2011","journal-title":"PloS Pathog"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-1910(74)90211-X","article-title":"Activation of vitellogenin synthesis in the mosquito Aedes aEgypti by ecdysone","volume":"20","author":"Fallon","year":"1974","journal-title":"J Insect Physiol"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-1910(79)90073-8","article-title":"Abdominal distention terminates subsequent host-seeking behaviour of Aedes aEgypti following a blood meal","volume":"25","author":"Klowden","year":"1979","journal-title":"J Insect Physiol"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbd.2025.101628","article-title":"Blood meal modulates midgut bacterial community structure and metabolic function in Aedes albopictus","volume":"56","author":"Wei","year":"2025","journal-title":"Comp Biochem Physiol - Part D Genomics Proteomics"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10020332","article-title":"Influence of host blood meal source on gut microbiota of wild caught Aedes aEgypti, a dominant arboviral disease vector","volume":"10","author":"Sarma","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-021-04579-8","article-title":"Blood meal source and mixed blood-feeding influence gut bacterial community composition in Aedes aEgypti","volume":"14","author":"Muturi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.76132","article-title":"A transcriptomic atlas of Aedes aEgypti reveals detailed functional organization of major body parts and gut regional specializations in sugar-fed and blood-fed adult females","volume":"11","author":"Hixson","year":"2022","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.277808.123","article-title":"An 11-point time course midgut transcriptome across 72 h after bloodfeeding provides detailed temporal resolution of transcript expression in the arbovirus vector, Aedes aEgypti","volume":"33","author":"Tsujimoto","year":"2023","journal-title":"Genome Res"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1186\/s12915-023-01769-x","article-title":"The midgut epithelium of mosquitoes adjusts cell proliferation and endoreplication to respond to physiological challenges","volume":"22","author":"Taracena-Agarwal","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Biol"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005976","article-title":"Chikungunya virus dissemination from the midgut of Aedes aEgypti is associated with temporal basal lamina degradation during bloodmeal digestion","volume":"11","author":"Dong","year":"2017","journal-title":"PloS NeglTrop Dis"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1056","DOI":"10.3390\/v11111056","article-title":"Zika virus dissemination from the midgut of Aedes aEgypti is facilitated by bloodmeal-mediated structural modification of the midgut basal lamina","volume":"11","author":"Cui","year":"2019","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0800478105","article-title":"An insulin-like peptide regulates egg maturation and metabolism in the mosquito Aedes aEgypti","volume":"105","author":"Brown","year":"2008","journal-title":"PNAS"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2202932119","article-title":"Essential functions of mosquito ecdysone importers in development and reproduction","volume":"119","author":"Hun","year":"2022","journal-title":"PNAS"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1010837","article-title":"Ecdysone signaling mediates the trade-off between immunity and reproduction via suppression of amyloids in the mosquito Aedes aEgypti","volume":"18","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"PloS Pathog"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/mcp.M116.060723","article-title":"Molecular profiling of phagocytic immune cells in Anopheles Gambiae reveals integral roles for hemocytes in mosquito innate immunity","volume":"15","author":"Smith","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol Cell Proteomics: MCP"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10875","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-65895-6","article-title":"Characterization of Anopheles Gambiae immune cells through genetic and functional immunophenotyping","volume":"16","author":"Samantsidis","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.094573","article-title":"Blood feeding induces hemocyte proliferation and activation in the African malaria mosquito, Anopheles Gambiae Giles","volume":"217","author":"Bryant","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Exp Biol"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dci.2015.10.020","article-title":"Anopheles Gambiae hemocytes exhibit transient states of activation","volume":"55","author":"Bryant","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dev Comp Immunol"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1002274","article-title":"Blood feeding and insulin-like peptide 3 stimulate proliferation of hemocytes in the mosquito Aedes aEgypti","volume":"7","author":"Castillo","year":"2011","journal-title":"PloS Pathog"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cois.2025.101341","article-title":"Influence of blood feeding and infection on arthropod hemocytes","volume":"69","author":"Samantsidis","year":"2025","journal-title":"Curr Opin Insect Sci"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0022573","article-title":"The fat body transcriptomes of the yellow fever mosquito Aedes aEgypti, pre- and post- blood meal","volume":"6","author":"Price","year":"2011","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1159\/000365331","article-title":"Anopheles Gambiae blood feeding initiates an anticipatory defense response to Plasmodium berghei","volume":"7","author":"Upton","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Innate Immun"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1006113","article-title":"Transgenic expression of the anti-parasitic factor TEP1 in the malaria mosquito Anopheles Gambiae","volume":"13","author":"Volohonsky","year":"2017","journal-title":"PloS Pathog"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1420078112","article-title":"Hemocyte differentiation mediates the mosquito late-phase immune response against Plasmodium in Anopheles Gambiae","volume":"112","author":"Smith","year":"2015","journal-title":"PNAS"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.aal1505","article-title":"Activation of mosquito complement antiplasmodial response requires cellular immunity","volume":"2","author":"Castillo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Immunol"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.81116","article-title":"Hemocyte differentiation to the megacyte lineage enhances mosquito immunity against Plasmodium","volume":"11","author":"Barletta","year":"2022","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/23744235.2026.2668001","article-title":"Wolbachia releases for dengue control: why the evidence supports a pause and independent re-evaluation","author":"Marinotti","year":"2026","journal-title":"Infect Dis (London England)"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/mec.12771","article-title":"Mosquitoes rely on their gut microbiota for development","volume":"23","author":"Coon","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol Ecol"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1702983114","article-title":"Bacteria-mediated hypoxia functions as a signal for mosquito development","volume":"114","author":"Coon","year":"2017","journal-title":"PNAS"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005273","article-title":"Transcriptome sequencing reveals large-scale changes in axenic Aedes aEgypti larvae","volume":"11","author":"Vogel","year":"2017","journal-title":"PloS NeglTrop Dis"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-21195-3","article-title":"Production of germ-free mosquitoes via transient colonisation allows stage-specific investigation of host\u2013microbiota interactions","volume":"12","author":"Romoli","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-016-1660-9","article-title":"Gut bacteria differentially affect egg production in the anautogenous mosquito Aedes aEgypti and facultatively autogenous mosquito Aedes atropalpus (Diptera: Culicidae)","volume":"9","author":"Coon","year":"2016","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.650743","article-title":"Diet\u2013microbiota interactions alter mosquito development","volume":"12","author":"Martinson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1139862","article-title":"Evolutionary dynamics of immune-related genes and pathways in disease-vector mosquitoes","volume":"316","author":"Waterhouse","year":"2007","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1077136","article-title":"Immunity-related genes and gene families in Anopheles Gambiae","volume":"298","author":"Christophides","year":"2002","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1193162","article-title":"Pathogenomics of Culex quinquefasciatus and meta-analysis of infection responses to diverse pathogens","volume":"330","author":"Bartholomay","year":"2010","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cois.2024.101195","article-title":"Immune interactions between mosquitoes and microbes during midgut colonization","volume":"63","author":"Cai","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr Opin Insect Sci"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2164-8-37","article-title":"Spatial and sex-specific dissection of the Anopheles Gambiae midgut transcriptome","volume":"8","author":"Warr","year":"2007","journal-title":"BMC Genomics"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ibmb.2019.103288","article-title":"Functional analysis of the three major PGRPLC isoforms in the midgut of the malaria mosquito Anopheles coluzzii","volume":"118","author":"Rodgers","year":"2020","journal-title":"Insect Biochem Mol Biol"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1315517111","article-title":"Multiple pathways for Plasmodium ookinete invasion of the mosquito midgut","volume":"111","author":"Vega-Rodr\u00edguez","year":"2014","journal-title":"PNAS"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1006391","article-title":"Microbiota-induced peritrophic matrix regulates midgut homeostasis and prevents systemic infection of malaria vector mosquitoes","volume":"13","author":"Rodgers","year":"2017","journal-title":"PloS Pathog"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1186\/1741-7007-11-55","article-title":"Spatial and temporal in vivo analysis of circulating and sessile immune cells in mosquitoes: Hemocyte mitosis following infection","volume":"11","author":"King","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Biol"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.243460","article-title":"Insulin-like peptide 3 stimulates hemocytes to proliferate in anautogenous and facultatively autogenous mosquitoes","volume":"225","author":"Martinson","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Exp Biol"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/msphere.00983-19","article-title":"20-hydroxyecdysone primes innate immune responses that limit bacterial and malarial parasite survival in Anopheles Gambiae","volume":"5","author":"Reynolds","year":"2020","journal-title":"mSphere"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cois.2018.05.008","article-title":"Composition and functional roles of the gut microbiota in mosquitoes","volume":"28","author":"Strand","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr Opin Insect Sci"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.02832","article-title":"Changes in microbiota across developmental stages of Aedes koreicus, an invasive mosquito vector in Europe: Indications for microbiota-based control strategies","volume":"10","author":"Alfano","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2019.105204","article-title":"Trans-stadial fate of the gut bacterial microbiota in Anopheles albimanus","volume":"201","author":"Galeano-Casta\u00f1eda","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-015-0475-8","article-title":"Developmental succession of the microbiome of Culex mosquitoes ecological and evolutionary microbiology","volume":"15","author":"Duguma","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000423","article-title":"Implication of the mosquito midgut microbiota in the defense against malaria parasites","volume":"5","author":"Dong","year":"2009","journal-title":"PloS Pathog"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000098","article-title":"The Aedes aEgypti toll pathway controls dengue virus infection","volume":"4","author":"Xi","year":"2008","journal-title":"PloS Pathog"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001561","article-title":"Reciprocal tripartite interactions between the Aedes aEgypti midgut microbiota, innate immune system and dengue virus influences vector competence","volume":"6","author":"Ramirez","year":"2012","journal-title":"PloS NeglTrop Dis"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2019.07.012","article-title":"Mosquito midgut prostaglandin release establishes systemic immune priming","volume":"19","author":"Barletta","year":"2019","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1190689","article-title":"Hemocyte differentiation mediates innate immune memory in Anopheles Gambiae mosquitoes","volume":"329","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2010","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.1700585","article-title":"Carryover effects of larval exposure to different environmental bacteria drive adult trait variation in a mosquito vector","volume":"3","author":"Dickson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Adv"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cois.2014.07.004","article-title":"The mosquito microbiota influences vector competence for human pathogens","volume":"3","author":"Dennison","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr Opin Insect Sci"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000542","article-title":"Anopheles Gambiae PGRPLC-mediated defense against bacteria modulates infections with malaria parasites","volume":"5","author":"Meister","year":"2009","journal-title":"PloS Pathog"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-021-00899-8","article-title":"A natural symbiotic bacterium drives mosquito refractoriness to Plasmodium infection via secretion of an antimalarial lipase","volume":"6","author":"Gao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Microbiol"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1201618","article-title":"Natural microbe-mediated refractoriness to Plasmodium infection in Anopheles Gambiae","volume":"332","author":"Cirimotich","year":"2011","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1004398","article-title":"Chromobacterium Csp_P reduces malaria and dengue infection in vector mosquitoes and has entomopathogenic and in vitro anti-pathogen activities","volume":"10","author":"Ramirez","year":"2014","journal-title":"PloS Pathog"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.adn9524","article-title":"A naturally isolated symbiotic bacterium suppresses flavivirus transmission by Aedes mosquitoes","volume":"384","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8221","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-52566-1","article-title":"Gut symbiont-derived sphingosine modulates vector competence in Aedes mosquitoes","volume":"15","author":"Sun","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10355","article-title":"The wMel Wolbachia strain blocks dengue and invades caged Aedes aEgypti populations","volume":"476","author":"Walker","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2009.11.042","article-title":"A Wolbachia symbiont in Aedes aEgypti limits infection with dengue, chikungunya, and Plasmodium","volume":"139","author":"Moreira","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ismej.2017.174","article-title":"The bacterium Wolbachia exploits host innate immunity to establish a symbiotic relationship with the dengue vector mosquito Aedes aEgypti","volume":"12","author":"Pan","year":"2018","journal-title":"ISME J"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1116932108","article-title":"Wolbachia induces reactive oxygen species (ROS)-dependent activation of the Toll pathway to control dengue virus in the mosquito Aedes aEgypti","volume":"109","author":"Pan","year":"2012","journal-title":"PNAS"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2005.72.631","article-title":"Effect of mosquito midgut trypsin activity on dengue-2 virus infection and dissemination in Aedes aEgypti","volume":"72","author":"Molina-Cruz","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2024.110353","article-title":"Zika virus exists in enterocytes and enteroendocrine cells of the Aedes aEgypti midgut","volume":"27","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v7072795","article-title":"Tissue barriers to arbovirus infection in mosquitoes","volume":"7","author":"Franz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011703","article-title":"Increased blood meal size and feeding frequency compromise Aedes aEgypti midgut integrity and enhance dengue virus dissemination","volume":"17","author":"Johnson","year":"2023","journal-title":"PloS NeglTrop Dis"},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5891","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-61139-9","article-title":"Mosquito immune cells enhance dengue and Zika virus infection in Aedes aEgypti","volume":"16","author":"Hall","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.660873","article-title":"Distinct roles of hemocytes at different stages of infection by dengue and Zika viruses in Aedes aEgypti mosquitoes","volume":"12","author":"Leite","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1128\/msphere.00136-21","article-title":"Additional feeding reveals differences in immune recognition and growth of Plasmodium parasites in the mosquito host","volume":"6","author":"Kwon","year":"2021","journal-title":"mSphere"},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1919709117","article-title":"PIMMS43 is required for malaria parasite immune evasion and sporogonic development in the mosquito vector","volume":"117","author":"Ukegbu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1235264","article-title":"The human malaria parasite Pfs47 gene mediates evasion of the mosquito immune system","volume":"340","author":"Molina-Cruz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1917042117","article-title":"Plasmodium falciparum evades immunity of anopheline mosquitoes by interacting with a Pfs47 midgut receptor","volume":"117","author":"Molina-Cruz","year":"2020","journal-title":"PNAS"},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1003622","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1003622","article-title":"The JNK pathway is a key mediator of Anopheles Gambiae antiplasmodial immunity","volume":"9","author":"Garver","year":"2013","journal-title":"PloS Pathog"},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1423586112","article-title":"Plasmodium falciparum evades mosquito immunity by disrupting JNK-mediated apoptosis of invaded midgut cells","volume":"112","author":"Ramphul","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1520426112","article-title":"Plasmodium evasion of mosquito immunity and global malaria transmission: The lock-and-key theory","volume":"112","author":"Molina-Cruz","year":"2015","journal-title":"PNAS"},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1002965","article-title":"Regulation of anti-Plasmodium immunity by a LITAF-like transcription factor in the malaria vector Anopheles Gambiae","volume":"8","author":"Smith","year":"2012","journal-title":"PloS Pathog"},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dci.2012.01.005","article-title":"Increased survivorship following bacterial infection by the mosquito Aedes aEgypti as compared to Anopheles Gambiae correlates with increased transcriptional induction of antimicrobial peptides","volume":"37","author":"Coggins","year":"2012","journal-title":"Dev Comp Immunol"},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12864-024-10153-0","article-title":"The transcriptional response in mosquitoes distinguishes between fungi and bacteria but not Gram types","volume":"25","author":"Hixson","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Genomics"},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dci.2024.105287","article-title":"The molecular toll pathway repertoire in anopheline mosquitoes","volume":"162","author":"Rhodes","year":"2025","journal-title":"Dev Comp Immunol"},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1001252","article-title":"Induction of a peptide with activity against a broad spectrum of pathogens in the Aedes aEgypti salivary gland, following infection with Dengue Virus","volume":"7","author":"Luplertlop","year":"2011","journal-title":"PloS Pathog"},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dci.2010.01.006","article-title":"The Toll immune signaling pathway control conserved anti-dengue defenses across diverse Ae. aEgypti strains and against multiple dengue virus serotypes","volume":"34","author":"Ramirez","year":"2010","journal-title":"Dev Comp Immunol"},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008524","article-title":"Imd pathway-specific immune assays reveal nf-\u03bab stimulation by viral rna pamps in aedes aEgypti aag2 cells","volume":"15","author":"Russell","year":"2021","journal-title":"PloS NeglTrop Dis"},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1186\/s42523-025-00482-0","article-title":"Mosquito host background impacts microbiome-Zika virus interactions in field- and laboratory-reared Aedes aEgypti","volume":"7","author":"Cansado-Utrilla","year":"2025","journal-title":"Anim Microbiome"},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0190352","article-title":"Zika virus infection modulates the bacterial diversity associated with Aedes aEgypti as revealed by metagenomic analysis","volume":"13","author":"Villegas","year":"2018","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0502815102","article-title":"Transgenic alteration of Toll immune pathway in the female mosquito Aedes aEgypti","volume":"102","author":"Bian","year":"2005","journal-title":"PNAS"},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M500711200","article-title":"REL1, a homologue of Drosophila dorsal, regulates toll antifungal immune pathway in the female mosquito Aedes aEgypti","volume":"280","author":"Sang","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M608912200","article-title":"A toll receptor and a cytokine, Toll5A and Spz1C, are involved in toll antifungal immune signaling in the mosquito Aedes aEgypti","volume":"281","author":"Shin","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2006.08.019","article-title":"Boosting NF-\u03baB-dependent basal immunity of Anopheles Gambiae aborts development of Plasmodium berghei","volume":"25","author":"Frolet","year":"2006","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000335","article-title":"Caspar controls resistance to plasmodium falciparum in diverse anopheline species","volume":"5","author":"Garver","year":"2009","journal-title":"PloS Pathog"},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000353765","article-title":"The role of hemocytes in anopheles Gambiae antiplasmodial immunity","volume":"6","author":"Ramirez","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Innate Immun"},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0003672","article-title":"Anopheles Gambiae APL1 is a family of variable LRR proteins required for Rel1-mediated protection from the malaria parasite, Plasmodium berghei","volume":"3","author":"Riehle","year":"2008","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000576","article-title":"Fine pathogen discrimination within the APL1 gene family protects Anopheles Gambiae against human and rodent malaria species","volume":"5","author":"Mitri","year":"2009","journal-title":"PloS Pathog"},{"key":"B119","first-page":"2024.02.05.578852","article-title":"REL2 overexpression in the Anopheles Gambiae midgut causes major transcriptional changes but fails to induce an immune response","volume-title":"Biorxiv","author":"Hoermann","year":"2024"},{"key":"B120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2025.116282","article-title":"The major role of the REL2\/NF-\u03baB pathway in the regulation of midgut bacterial homeostasis in the malaria vector Anopheles Gambiae","volume":"44","author":"Zakovi\u0107","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"B121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0905006106","article-title":"An evolutionary conserved function of the JAK-STAT pathway in anti-dengue defense","volume":"106","author":"Souza-Neto","year":"2009","journal-title":"PNAS"},{"key":"B122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005187","article-title":"Engineered Aedes aEgypti JAK\/STAT pathway-mediated immunity to dengue virus","volume":"11","author":"Jupatanakul","year":"2017","journal-title":"PloS NeglTrop Dis"},{"key":"B123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2025.09.21.677592","article-title":"Upd-like\/JAK\/STAT signaling promotes regeneration and tolerance to bacterial infection in the Aedes midgut","author":"Vieira","year":"2025","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"key":"B124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2009.04.003","article-title":"The STAT pathway mediates late-phase immunity against Plasmodium in the mosquito Anopheles Gambiae","volume":"5","author":"Gupta","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"B125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001317","article-title":"The JAK-STAT pathway controls Plasmodium vivax load in early stages of Anopheles aquasalis infection","volume":"5","author":"Bahia","year":"2011","journal-title":"PloS NeglTrop Dis"},{"key":"B126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1013329","article-title":"TNF signaling mediates cellular immune function and promotes malaria parasite killing in the mosquito Anopheles Gambiae","volume":"21","author":"Samantsidis","year":"2025","journal-title":"PloS Pathog"},{"key":"B127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.680020","article-title":"Prostaglandin E2 signaling mediates oenocytoid immune cell function and lysis, limiting bacteria and Plasmodium oocyst survival in Anopheles Gambiae","volume":"12","author":"Kwon","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(04)00173-4","article-title":"Complement-like protein TEP1 is a determinant of vectorial capacity in the malaria vector Anopheles Gambiae","volume":"116","author":"Blandin","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1012008","article-title":"The Anopheles leucine-rich repeat protein APL1C is a pathogen binding factor recognizing Plasmodium ookinetes and sporozoites","volume":"20","author":"Zmarlak","year":"2024","journal-title":"PloS Pathog"},{"key":"B130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3208","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-30988-z","article-title":"Malaria oocysts require circumsporozoite protein to evade mosquito immunity","volume":"13","author":"Zhu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v7020820","article-title":"The role of RNA interference (RNAi) in arbovirus-vector interactions","volume":"7","author":"Blair","year":"2015","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"B132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2017.12.005","article-title":"Antiviral immunity and virus-mediated antagonism in disease vector mosquitoes","volume":"26","author":"Samuel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol"},{"key":"B133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0600479103","article-title":"Engineering RNA interference-based resistance to dengue virus type 2 in genetically modified Aedes aEgypti","volume":"103","author":"Franz","year":"2006","journal-title":"PNAS"},{"key":"B134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2023.112977","article-title":"Multifaceted contributions of Dicer2 to arbovirus transmission by Aedes aEgypti","volume":"42","author":"Merkling","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"B135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v6114479","article-title":"Mosquito immunity against arboviruses","volume":"6","author":"Sim","year":"2014","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"B136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.01104-12","article-title":"Noncoding flavivirus RNA displays RNA interference suppressor activity in insect and mammalian cells","volume":"86","author":"Schnettler","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"B137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2015.08.009","article-title":"Flavivirus sfRNA suppresses antiviral RNA interference in cultured cells and mosquitoes and directly interacts with the RNAi machinery","volume":"485","author":"Moon","year":"2015","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"B138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-018-0268-6","article-title":"Control of dengue virus in the midgut of Aedes aEgypti by ectopic expression of the dsRNA-binding protein Loqs2","volume":"3","author":"Olmo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Microbiol"},{"key":"B139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1209678","article-title":"Epithelial nitration by a peroxidase\/NOX5 system mediates mosquito antiplasmodial immunity","volume":"335","author":"Oliveira","year":"2012","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1184008","article-title":"A peroxidase\/dual oxidase system modulates midgut epithelial immunity in Anopheles Gambiae","volume":"327","author":"Kumar","year":"2010","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1011149","article-title":"The Aedes aEgypti peritrophic matrix controls arbovirus vector competence through HPx1, a heme\u2013induced peroxidase","volume":"19","author":"Talyuli","year":"2023","journal-title":"PloS Pathog"},{"key":"B142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41541-021-00401-9","article-title":"Molecular interactions between parasite and mosquito during midgut invasion as targets to block malaria transmission","volume":"6","author":"Keleta","year":"2021","journal-title":"NPJ Vaccines"},{"key":"B143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1008985","article-title":"The CLIP-domain serine protease CLIPC9 regulates melanization downstream of SPCLIP1, CLIPA8, and CLIPA28 in the malaria vector Anopheles Gambiae","volume":"16","author":"Sousa","year":"2020","journal-title":"PloS Pathog"},{"key":"B144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1003623","article-title":"The CLIP-domain serine protease homolog SPCLIP1 regulates complement recruitment to microbial surfaces in the malaria mosquito Anopheles Gambiae","volume":"9","author":"Povelones","year":"2013","journal-title":"PloS Pathog"},{"key":"B145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000533898","article-title":"CLIPB4 is a central node in the protease network that regulates humoral immunity in Anopheles Gambiae mosquitoes","volume":"15","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Innate Immun"},{"key":"B146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000366","article-title":"MAPK ERK signaling regulates the TGF-b\u03b21-dependent mosquito response to Plasmodium falciparum","volume":"5","author":"Surachetpong","year":"2009","journal-title":"PloS Pathog"},{"key":"B147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00024-12","article-title":"Ingested human insulin inhibits the mosquito NF-\u03baB-dependent immune response to Plasmodium falciparum","volume":"80","author":"Pakpour","year":"2012","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"B148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1004231","article-title":"Human IGF1 regulates midgut oxidative stress and epithelial homeostasis to balance lifespan and Plasmodium falciparum resistance in Anopheles stephensi","volume":"10","author":"Drexler","year":"2014","journal-title":"PloS Pathog"},{"key":"B149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.078873","article-title":"Human IGF1 extends lifespan and enhances resistance to Plasmodium falciparum infection in the malaria vector Anopheles stephensi","volume":"216","author":"Drexler","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Exp Biol"},{"key":"B150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00644-15","article-title":"Plasmodium falciparum gametocyte-specific antibody profiling reveals boosting through natural infection and identifies potential markers of gametocyte exposure","volume":"83","author":"Skinner","year":"2015","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"B151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1002742","article-title":"Midgut microbiota of the malaria mosquito vector Anopheles Gambiae and interactions with Plasmodium falciparum infection","volume":"8","author":"Boissi\u00e8re","year":"2012","journal-title":"PloS Pathog"},{"key":"B152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-50994-4","article-title":"Comparative analysis of midgut regeneration capacity and resistance to oral infection in three disease-vector mosquitoes","volume":"9","author":"Janeh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/srep44594","article-title":"Damage-induced cell regeneration in the midgut of aedes albopictus mosquitoes","volume":"7","author":"Janeh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-45550-2","article-title":"Mosquito midgut stem cell cellular defense response limits Plasmodium parasite infection","volume":"15","author":"Barletta","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-56313-y","article-title":"Anopheles Gambiae phagocytic hemocytes promote Plasmodium falciparum infection by regulating midgut epithelial integrity","volume":"16","author":"Cardoso-Jaime","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006498","article-title":"Regulation of midgut cell proliferation impacts Aedes aEgypti susceptibility to dengue virus","volume":"12","author":"Taracena","year":"2018","journal-title":"PloS NeglTrop Dis"},{"key":"B157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abc0322","article-title":"Mosquito cellular immunity at single-cell resolution","volume":"369","author":"Raddi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.66192","article-title":"Single-cell analysis of mosquito hemocytes identifies signatures of immune cell subtypes and cell differentiation","volume":"10","author":"Kwon","year":"2021","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"B159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12864-024-09986-6","article-title":"In-depth transcriptomic analysis of Anopheles Gambiae hemocytes uncovers novel genes and the oenocytoid developmental lineage","volume":"25","author":"Saha","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Genomics"},{"key":"B160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1900147116","article-title":"Chemical depletion of phagocytic immune cells in Anopheles Gambiae reveals dual roles of mosquito hemocytes in anti-Plasmodium immunity","volume":"116","author":"Kwon","year":"2019","journal-title":"PNAS"},{"key":"B161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms8403","article-title":"A mosquito lipoxin\/lipocalin complex mediates innate immune priming in Anopheles Gambiae","volume":"6","author":"Ramirez","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1011145","article-title":"Precise coordination between nutrient transporters ensures fertility in the malaria mosquito Anopheles Gambiae","volume":"20","author":"Stryapunina","year":"2024","journal-title":"PloS Genet"},{"key":"B163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1702","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2026.02.042","article-title":"A signaling hub in the mosquito rectum coordinates reproductive investment after blood feeding","volume":"36","author":"Greppi","year":"2026","journal-title":"Curr Biol"},{"key":"B164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-78280-8","article-title":"The 20-hydroxyecdysone agonist, halofenozide, promotes anti-Plasmodium immunity in Anopheles Gambiae via the ecdysone receptor","volume":"10","author":"Reynolds","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-39067-9","article-title":"Sugar restriction and blood ingestion shape divergent immune defense trajectories in the mosquito Aedes aEgypti","volume":"13","author":"Magistrado","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B166","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-024-06334-y","article-title":"Juvenile hormone as a contributing factor in establishing midgut microbiota for fecundity and fitness enhancement in adult female Aedes aEgypti","volume":"7","author":"Taracena-Agarwal","year":"2024","journal-title":"Commun Biol"},{"key":"B167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1305293110","article-title":"Juvenile hormone and its receptor, methoprene-tolerant, control the dynamics of mosquito gene expression","volume":"110","author":"Zou","year":"2013","journal-title":"PNAS"},{"key":"B168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1523838113","article-title":"Hairy and Groucho mediate the action of juvenile hormone receptor Methoprene-tolerant in gene repression","volume":"113","author":"Saha","year":"2016","journal-title":"PNAS"},{"key":"B169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ibmb.2020.103509","article-title":"Regulation of antimicrobial peptides by juvenile hormone and its receptor, Methoprene-tolerant, in the mosquito Aedes aEgypti","volume":"128","author":"Chang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Insect Biochem Mol Biol"},{"key":"B170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-00432-1","article-title":"Juvenile hormone analog enhances Zika virus infection in Aedes aEgypti","volume":"11","author":"Alomar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1128\/msystems.01190-20","article-title":"Juvenile hormone-sensitive ribosomal activity enhances viral replication in Aedes aEgypti","volume":"6","author":"Shi","year":"2021","journal-title":"mSystems"},{"key":"B172","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2013.01.003","article-title":"The effects of ingested mammalian blood factors on vector arthropod immunity and physiology","volume":"15","author":"Pakpour","year":"2013","journal-title":"Microbes Infection"},{"key":"B173","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1001003","article-title":"Activation of akt signaling reduces the prevalence and intensity of malaria parasite infection and lifespan in anopheles stephensi mosquitoes","volume":"6","author":"Corby-Harris","year":"2010","journal-title":"PloS Pathog"},{"key":"B174","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1003180","article-title":"Sustained activation of Akt elicits mitochondrial dysfunction to block Plasmodium falciparum infection in the mosquito host","volume":"9","author":"Luckhart","year":"2013","journal-title":"PloS Pathog"},{"key":"B175","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2303234120","article-title":"Amino acid\u2013dependent regulation of insulin-like peptide signaling is mediated by TOR and GATA factors in the disease vector mosquito Aedes aEgypti","volume":"120","author":"Ling","year":"2023","journal-title":"PNAS"},{"key":"B176","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.012955","article-title":"Insulin regulates aging and oxidative stress in Anopheles stephensi","volume":"211","author":"Kang","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Exp Biol"},{"key":"B177","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dci.2015.06.012","article-title":"Plasmodium falciparum suppresses the host immune response by inducing the synthesis of insulin-like peptides (ILPs) in the mosquito Anopheles stephensi","volume":"53","author":"Pietri","year":"2015","journal-title":"Dev Comp Immunol"},{"key":"B178","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1008089","article-title":"Host nutritional status affects alphavirus virulence, transmission, and evolution","volume":"15","author":"Weger-Lucarelli","year":"2019","journal-title":"PloS Pathog"},{"key":"B179","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1946","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2019.10.029","article-title":"Insulin potentiates JAK\/STAT signaling to broadly inhibit flavivirus replication in insect vectors","volume":"29","author":"Ahlers","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"B180","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/imb.12863","article-title":"Insulin reduces the transmission potential of chikungunya virus and activates the toll pathway in Aedes aEgypti mosquitoes","volume":"32","author":"Rai","year":"2023","journal-title":"Insect Mol Biol"},{"key":"B181","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygcen.2011.06.005","article-title":"Insulin-like peptides in the mosquito Anopheles stephensi: Identification and expression in response to diet and infection with Plasmodium falciparum","volume":"173","author":"Marquez","year":"2011","journal-title":"Gen Comp Endocrinol"},{"key":"B182","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2021910118","article-title":"The ecdysone-induced protein 93 is a key factor regulating gonadotrophic cycles in the adult female mosquito Aedes aEgypti","volume":"118","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"PNAS"},{"key":"B183","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ibmb.2022.103830","article-title":"Functional characterization of putative ecdysone transporters in lepidopteran pests","volume":"151","author":"Samantsidis","year":"2022","journal-title":"Insect Biochem Mol Biol"},{"key":"B184","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2006.10.023","article-title":"The control of growth and differentiation of the wing imaginal disks of Manduca sexta","volume":"302","author":"Nijhout","year":"2007","journal-title":"Dev Biol"},{"key":"B185","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2115017119","article-title":"Ecdysone exerts biphasic control of regenerative signaling, coordinating the completion of regeneration with developmental progression","volume":"119","author":"Karanja","year":"2022","journal-title":"PNAS"},{"key":"B186","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.12688\/gatesopenres.13122.1","article-title":"Reduced dengue incidence following deployments of Wolbachia-infected Aedes aEgypti in Yogyakarta, Indonesia: a quasi-experimental trial using controlled interrupted time series analysis","volume":"4","author":"Indriani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gates Open Res"},{"key":"B187","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009556","article-title":"Effectiveness of Wolbachia-infected mosquito deployments in reducing the incidence of dengue and other Aedes-borne diseases in Niter\u00f3i, Brazil: A quasi-experimental study","volume":"15","author":"Pinto","year":"2021","journal-title":"PloS NeglTrop Dis"},{"key":"B188","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2030243","article-title":"Efficacy of Wolbachia-infected mosquito deployments for the control of dengue","volume":"384","author":"Utarini","year":"2021","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B189","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1186\/s13063-018-2670-z","article-title":"The AWED trial (Applying Wolbachia to Eliminate Dengue) to assess the efficacy of Wolbachia-infected mosquito deployments to reduce dengue incidence in Yogyakarta, Indonesia: study protocol for a cluster randomised controlled trial","volume":"19","author":"Anders","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trials"},{"key":"B190","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.4103\/apjtm.apjtm_644_24","article-title":"Wolbachia-infected mosquito to suppress the transmission chain of mosquito- borne virus: A systematic review and meta\u2014analysis of community-based health intervention trials","volume":"18","author":"Naufal","year":"2025","journal-title":"Asian Pacific J Trop Med"},{"key":"B191","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0014403","article-title":"Interactions between mosquito genetic background and Wolbachia strain affect dengue virus blocking and fitness in South American populations of Aedes aEgypti","volume":"20","author":"Ser","year":"2026","journal-title":"PloS NeglTrop Dis"},{"key":"B192","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-56766-4","article-title":"Aedes aEgypti insecticide resistance underlies the success (and failure) of Wolbachia population replacement","volume":"10","author":"Garcia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B193","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-019-0533-3","article-title":"Selection on Aedes aEgypti alters Wolbachia-mediated dengue virus blocking and fitness","volume":"4","author":"Ford","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Microbiol"},{"key":"B194","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.00128-24","article-title":"Wolbachia strains w Mel and w AlbB differentially affect Aedes aEgypti traits related to fecundity","volume":"12","author":"Maciel-de-Freitas","year":"2024","journal-title":"Microbiol Spectr"},{"key":"B195","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1007039","article-title":"The creation and selection of mutations resistant to a gene drive over multiple generations in the malaria mosquito","volume":"13","author":"Hammond","year":"2017","journal-title":"PloS Genet"},{"key":"B196","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1006850","article-title":"The gene drive bubble: New realities","volume":"13","author":"Bull","year":"2017","journal-title":"PloS Genet"},{"key":"B197","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1713825115","article-title":"Consequences of resistance evolution in a Cas9-based sex conversion-suppression gene drive for insect pest management","volume":"115","author":"Carrami","year":"2018","journal-title":"PNAS"},{"key":"B198","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-025-07477-2","article-title":"Thermal variation influences the transcriptome of the major malaria vector Anopheles stephensi","volume":"8","author":"Pathak","year":"2025","journal-title":"Commun Biol"},{"key":"B199","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.70382","article-title":"Fluctuating warm and humid conditions differentially impact immunity and development in the malaria vector Anopheles stephensi","volume":"31","author":"Lemos-Silva","year":"2025","journal-title":"Global Change Biol"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Immunology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1885857\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T13:06:47Z","timestamp":1785157607000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1885857\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]]},"references-count":199,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1885857"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1885857","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-3224"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-3224","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]]},"article-number":"1885857"}}