{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T06:01:15Z","timestamp":1785477675216,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785456000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Adjuvant treatment of melanoma patients with PD-1-based immunotherapy has improved recurrence rate, and became a standard treatment. However, a considerable proportion of patients recur within 1\u20132 years, necessitating the identification of predictive markers. Our study aimed to examine the association of intratumoral infiltration by specific immune cell subsets with the recurrence-free survival of melanoma patients receiving adjuvant PD-1 inhibitor therapy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Archived paraffin blocks of pretreatment surgical samples from 48 melanoma patients receiving adjuvant PD-1 inhibitor therapy were selected. Intratumoral density of immune cells expressing the following markers: CD8, FOXP3, CD20, CD103, CD134, PD-1, and PD-L1 was determined by immunohistochemistry, and the associations with recurrence-free survival were analyzed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Eighteen of the 48 patients developed recurrence during the follow-up period. In this group the ratio of patients showing strong immune cell infiltration (higher than the cutoff values defined by ROC curve analysis) was significantly lower compared to recurrence-free patients in the case of CD8\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      T cells (2\/18 vs. 16\/30, p=0.0050), CD103\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      tissue resident T cells (2\/18 vs. 13\/30, p=0.0259), and the activation\/immune checkpoint markers CD134 (4\/17 vs. 21\/30, p=0.0029) and PD-1 (2\/18 vs. 14\/30, p=0.0134), while the evaluation of FOXP3\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      cells yielded near significant trend (8\/18 vs. 22\/30, p=0.0663). High intratumoral density of the above cell types was accompanied with significantly longer recurrence-free survival.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our findings indicate the importance of immune cell infiltration in the efficacy of adjuvant PD-1 inhibitor treatment in a \u201creal world\u201d patient cohort.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1886388","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T05:37:34Z","timestamp":1785476254000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Tumor-infiltrating immune cell types predicting recurrence-free survival in melanoma patients receiving adjuvant PD-1 inhibitor therapy"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Andrea","family":"Lad\u00e1nyi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical and Molecular Pathology, National Institute of Oncology","place":["Budapest, Hungary"]},{"name":"National Tumor Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Oncology","place":["Budapest, Hungary"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Georgina","family":"Fr\u00f6hlich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Radiotherapy, National Institute of Oncology","place":["Budapest, Hungary"]},{"name":"Department of Biophysics, E\u00f6tv\u00f6s Lor\u00e1nd University","place":["Budapest, Hungary"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barbara","family":"Hegyi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Tumor Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Oncology","place":["Budapest, Hungary"]},{"name":"Department of Thoracic and Abdominal Tumors and Clinical Pharmacology, National Institute of Oncology","place":["Budapest, Hungary"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrik","family":"Horv\u00e1th","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oncodermatology, National Institute of Oncology","place":["Budapest, Hungary"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T\u00edmea","family":"Balatoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Tumor Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Oncology","place":["Budapest, Hungary"]},{"name":"Department of Oncodermatology, National Institute of Oncology","place":["Budapest, Hungary"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.23.01136","article-title":"Systemic therapy for melanoma: ASCO guideline update","volume":"41","author":"Seth","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Clin 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