{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T05:01:37Z","timestamp":1790744497220,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790726400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The present study aimed to evaluate the acute toxicity of endosulfan (99% purity; \u03b1:\u03b2 ratio of 7:3) in milkfish (\n                      <jats:italic>Chanos chanos<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) under freshwater acclimated conditions over a 96-hour exposure period. Milkfish (\n                      <jats:italic>C. chanos<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) is a commercially important tropical species widely cultured across freshwater, brackish, marine, and hypersaline environments.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      An experiment was conducted in Milkfish (\n                      <jats:italic>C. chanos<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) acclimated under freshwater condition to determine the lethal concentration (LC\n                      <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                      ) of endosulfan at 96 hrs using probit analysis. The fish were exposed to graded concentrations of endosulfan (25.5, 26.5, 27.5, 28.5, and 29.5 \u00b5g L\n                      <jats:sup>-<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u00b9) for 96 hours. Toxicological effects were evaluated through a suite of biochemical, immunological, neurophysiological, cytogenetic, and histopathological biomarkers. Antioxidative enzyme activities, including superoxide dismutase, glutathione-S-transferase, and catalase, were assessed alongside immunological parameters such as blood glucose, phagocytic activity (measured via nitroblue tetrazolium reduction), and serum cortisol levels. Neurotoxicity was evaluated through acetylcholinesterase activity, while chromosomal aberrations and histopathological alterations in the liver and gills were examined to determine cellular and tissue-level damage.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The 96-hour LC\n                      <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                      value (95% confidence limits) for\n                      <jats:italic>C. chanos<\/jats:italic>\n                      (mean body weight: 110\u00a0g) was estimated at 27.47 \u00b5g L\n                      <jats:sup>-<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u00b9. A significant dose and time dependent alteration was observed across all assessed parameters, including antioxidative enzymes, immune responses, neurotransmitter activity, metabolic functions, and cytogenetic integrity. Pronounced chromosomal aberrations in kidney tissues and severe histopathological lesions in the liver and gills were evident following endosulfan exposure. These physiological and structural impairments were further corroborated by marked behavioral deviations from normal activity patterns in exposed fish.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Collectively, the findings demonstrate that endosulfan exposure induces substantial biochemical, cytogenetic, and histopathological disruptions in\n                      <jats:italic>C. chanos<\/jats:italic>\n                      , ultimately leading to metabolic dysregulation and organ damage.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1887110","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T04:52:21Z","timestamp":1790743941000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Acute toxic effects of endosulfan on cellular Stress, genotoxicity, and histopathological alterations in Milkfish (Chanos chanos) under freshwater conditions"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Neeraj","family":"Kumar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"ICAR-National Institute of Abiotic Stress Management","place":["Baramati, Pune, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K.","family":"Ambasankar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ICAR-Central Institute of Brackishwater Aquaculture","place":["Chennai, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dilip Kumar","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Kolkata Center","place":["Kolkata, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kotha Sammi","family":"Reddy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ICAR-National Institute of Abiotic Stress Management","place":["Baramati, Pune, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1007\/s44274-025-00259-x","article-title":"A comprehensive review of emerging environmental contaminants of global concern","volume":"3","author":"Boahen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Discover Environ"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1546","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-28801-y","article-title":"Health risk assessment and metal contamination in fish, water and soil sediments in the East Kolkata Wetlands, India, Ramsar site","volume":"13","author":"Kumar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0093499","article-title":"Lipotropes protect against pathogen-aggravated stress and mortality in low dose pesticide-exposed fish","volume":"9","author":"Kumar","year":"2014","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-35691-0_1","article-title":"Concerns and threats of contamination on aquatic ecosystems","volume":"27","author":"Bashir","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bioremediation Biotechnol"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dwt.2024.100274","article-title":"Persistent pesticides: Accumulation, health risk assessment, management and remediation: An overview","volume":"317","author":"Ansari","year":"2024","journal-title":"Desalin Water Treat"},{"key":"B6","article-title":"Histological damage of gill in Channa gachus after acute and subacute exposure to endosulfan and Roger","volume":"35","author":"Dalela","year":"1979","journal-title":"Microscopic (Wien)"},{"key":"B7","article-title":"Effect of temperature and exposure time and other water parameters on acute toxicity of endosulfsan on European eel Anguilla Anguilla","volume":"24","author":"Ferrando","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Environ Sci Health"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/eesa.1995.1056","article-title":"Pesticide effects on eel metabolism","volume":"31","author":"Gimeno","year":"1995","journal-title":"Eco Environ Saf"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1179\/oeh.2000.6.4.312","article-title":"Risk assessment in a third world reality: an endosulfan case history","volume":"6","author":"Romeo","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int J Occup Environ Health"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1520\/STP32403S","article-title":"Acute toxicity to and Bio-concentration of endosulfan by estuarine animals","volume-title":"Aquatic Toxicology and Hazard Evaluation ASTM-STP 634","author":"Schimmel","year":"1977"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1006\/taap.1999.8865","article-title":"Regional modification of [3H] Ethynyl bicycle ortho benzoate binding in mouse brain GABAA receptor by endosulfan, fipronil, and avermectin B1a","volume":"163","author":"Kamijima","year":"2000","journal-title":"Toxicol Appl Pharmacol"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquatox.2009.10.008","article-title":"Endosulfan I and endosulfan sulfate disrupts zebrafish embryonic development","volume":"95","author":"Stanley","year":"2009","journal-title":"Aquat Toxicol"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1515\/intox-2016-0012","article-title":"Organochlorine pesticides, their toxic effects on living organisms and their fate in the environment","volume":"9","author":"Jayaraj","year":"2017","journal-title":"Interdiscip Toxicol"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0160-4120(03)00016-3","article-title":"Organochlorine pesticide residues in sediments of a tropical mangrove estuary, India; implications for monitoring","volume":"29","author":"Bhattacharya","year":"2003","journal-title":"Environ Internat"},{"key":"B15","volume-title":"Chanos Chanos. In Cultured Aquatic Species Fact Sheets. Text by Nelson, a.L. & Marygrace C.Q. Edited and Compiled by Valerio Crespi and Michael New. CD-ROM (Multilingual)","year":"2009"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2016.05.013","article-title":"Acute toxicity, biochemical and histopathological responses of endosulfan in Chanos chanos","volume":"131","author":"Kumar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ecotoxicology Environ Saf"},{"key":"B17","volume-title":"Yearbook Fishery and Aquaculture Statistics: Pp 30","year":"2012"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biology14060667","article-title":"Aquatic organisms in response to salinity stress: Ecological impacts, adaptive mechanisms, and resilience strategies","volume":"14","author":"Dildar","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biol (Basel)"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2011.08.028","article-title":"Biochemical response of anthracene and benzo pyrene in milkfish Chanos chanos","volume":"75","author":"Palanikumar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eco Environ Saf"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00128-006-0965-3","article-title":"Acute toxicity of endosulfan to milk fish, Chanos chanos, of the southeast coast of India","volume":"79","author":"Magesh","year":"2006","journal-title":"Bull Environ Contamin Toxicol"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtherbio.2014.10.004","article-title":"Dietary lecithin potentiates thermal tolerance and cellular stress protection of milk fish (Chanos chanos) reared under low dose endosulfan induced stress","volume":"46","author":"Kumar","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Therm Biol"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2022.102285","article-title":"Reactive oxygen species in the world ocean and their impacts on marine ecosystems","volume":"52","author":"Morris","year":"2022","journal-title":"Redox Biol"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2389604","article-title":"Oxyradical generation as a pollution-mediated mechanism of toxicity in the common mussel, Mytilus edulis L and other molluscs","volume":"4","author":"Livingstone","year":"1990","journal-title":"Funct Ecol"},{"key":"B24","first-page":"543","volume-title":"Free Radicals in Biology and Medicine","author":"Halliwell","year":"1999"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/s0166-445x(01)00226-0","article-title":"Antioxidant enzymes and peroxisome proliferation in relation to contaminant body bordens of PAHs and PCBs in bivalve molluscs, crabs and fish from the Urdaibai and Plentzia estuaries (Bay of Biscay","volume":"58","author":"Orbea","year":"2002","journal-title":"Aqua Toxicol"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1007\/s10695-008-9269-3","article-title":"The effect of praziquantel applied per os on selected haematological and biochemical indices in common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.)","volume":"35","author":"Eliska","year":"2009","journal-title":"Fish Physiol Biochem"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10695-011-9466-3","article-title":"A comparative study on the effects of a pesticide (cypermethrin) and two metals (copper, lead) to serum biochemistry of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus","volume":"37","author":"Firat","year":"2011","journal-title":"Fish Physiol Biochem"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0045-6535(01)00029-7","article-title":"Lactate dehydrogenase activity as an effect criterion in toxicity tests with Daphnia magna straus","volume":"45","author":"Diamantino","year":"2001","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8505","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-35787-0","article-title":"Multi biomarker approach to assess manganese and manganese nanoparticles toxicity in Pangasianodon hypophthalmus","volume":"13","author":"Kumar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B30","volume-title":"Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. 20th Editions","year":"1998"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10695-012-9622-4","article-title":"Methyl donors potentiates growth, metabolic status and neurotransmitter enzyme in Labeo rohita fingerlings exposed to endosulfan and temperature","volume":"38","author":"Kumar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Fish Physiol Biochem"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1007\/s10695-011-9584-y","article-title":"Dietary choline, betaine and lecithin mitigates endosulfan induced stress in Labeo rohita fingerlings","volume":"38","author":"Kumar","year":"2011","journal-title":"Fish Physiol Biochem"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pestbp.2010.10.003","article-title":"Anti-oxidative and immuno-hematological status of Tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) during acute toxicity test of endosulfan","volume":"99","author":"Kumar","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pest Biochem Physiol"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/tox.22026","article-title":"Cellular metabolic, stress and histological response on exposure to acute toxicity of endosulfan in Tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus)","author":"Kumar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ Toxicol"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01607723","article-title":"A basic programme for estimating LC50 values using IBM- PC","volume":"37","author":"Trevors","year":"1986","journal-title":"Bull Environ Contam Toxicol"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0021-9258(19)45228-9","article-title":"The role of superoxide anion in the autoxidation of epinephrine and a simple assay for superoxide dismutase","volume":"247","author":"Misra","year":"1972","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI104075","article-title":"Hypocatalesemia, a new generis carrier state","volume":"29","author":"Takahara","year":"1960","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B38","article-title":"Transferase, the first enzymatic step in mercatpopunc acid formation","volume":"249","author":"Habing","year":"1974","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0021-9258(18)56740-5","article-title":"The reaction of acetyl choline esters and other carboxylic acid derivatives with hydroxylamine and its analytical application","volume":"180","author":"Hestrin","year":"1949","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3181\/00379727-90-21985","article-title":"Lactic dehydrogenase activity in blood","volume":"90","author":"Wroblewski","year":"1955","journal-title":"Proc Soc Exp Biol Med"},{"key":"B41","article-title":"Malic dehydrogenase and \u2018Malic\u2019 enzyme","volume-title":"Methods of Enzymology, Vol I","author":"Ochoa","year":"1955"},{"key":"B42","volume-title":"Microanalysis in Medical Biochemistry","author":"Wootton","year":"1964"},{"key":"B43","article-title":"Glucose-6-phosphate and 6-phosphogluconic dehydrogenase from Leuconostoc mesenteroides","volume-title":"Methods in Enzymology, Vol I","author":"De Moss","year":"1955"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0021-9258(18)71980-7","article-title":"A photometric adaptation of the Somogyi method for the determination of glucose","volume":"153","author":"Nelson","year":"1944","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1006\/fsim.1996.0050","article-title":"Neutrophil activity as a potent indicator for concomitant analysis","volume":"37","author":"Stasiack","year":"1996","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol"},{"key":"B46","article-title":"Nutritional pathology of teleosts","volume-title":"Fish Pathology","author":"Roberts","year":"1989"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1520\/STP32403S","article-title":"Acute toxicity to and bioconcentration of endosulfan by estuarine animals aquatic toxicology and hazard evaluation","volume":"634","author":"Shimmel","year":"1977","journal-title":"Am Soc Testing Materials"},{"key":"B48","article-title":"Acute toxicity of endosulfan and its effect on activity of some enzymes in Labeo rohita fingerlings","volume":"34","author":"Muthappa","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat Acad Sci Lett India"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1897\/1552-8618(1992)11[401:casolt]2.0.co;2","article-title":"Comparative acute sensitivity of larval topsmelt, Atherinops affinis and inland silverside, Menidia beryllina to 11 chemicals","volume":"11","author":"Hemmer","year":"1992","journal-title":"Environ Toxicol Chem"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10646-012-0907-2","article-title":"DNA damage and oxidative stress induced by endosulfan exposure in zebrafish (Danio rerio)","volume":"21","author":"Shao","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ecotoxicology"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2024.741953","article-title":"Dietary lecithin ameliorates endosulfan-induced stress responses and promotes growth, immunity, and disease resistance in fingerlings of the milkfish, Chanos chanos","volume":"598","author":"Kumar","year":"2025","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1038\/s41420-024-02278-8","article-title":"Free radicals and their impact on health and antioxidant defenses: a review","volume":"11","author":"Chandimali","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell Death Discov"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox10040579","article-title":"Enzymatic and non-enzymatic molecules with antioxidant function","volume":"10","author":"Irato","year":"2021","journal-title":"Antioxidants (Basel)"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2022.113593","article-title":"Endosulfan causes oxidative stress in the liver and brain that involves inhibition of NADH dehydrogenase and altered antioxidant enzyme status in rat","volume":"239","author":"Murali","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol Environ Saf"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1006\/pest.1999.2471","article-title":"In vitro and in vivo cholinesterase inhibition in Lacertides by phosphonate- and phosphorothioate- type organophosphates","volume":"67","author":"Sanchez-Hernandez","year":"2000","journal-title":"Pest Biochem Physiol"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107270","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquatox.2025.107270","article-title":"Combined effect of mercury and ammonia toxicity and its mitigation using selenium nanoparticles in fish","volume":"280","author":"Shinde","year":"2025","journal-title":"Aquat Toxicol"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-025-35947-x","article-title":"Integrating immunity, anti-oxidative status and gene regulation against nickel and high temperature stress in fish: Selenium nanoparticles for mitigation","volume":"32","author":"Rokade","year":"2025","journal-title":"Environ Sci pollut Res"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2009.02.031","article-title":"Dietary high protein and vitamin c mitigates endosulfan toxicity in the spotted murrel, Channa punctatus (Bloch, 1793)","volume":"407","author":"Sarma","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1006\/eesa.1996.1509","article-title":"Similarities and differences between the massive eel (Anguilla Anguilla L.) devastations that occurred in Lake Balaton in 1991 and 1995","volume":"37","author":"Balint","year":"1997","journal-title":"Eco Environ Saf"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1096\/fasebj.8.2.8119488","article-title":"Glucose-6- phosphate dehydrogenase: a \u201chousekeeping\u201d enzyme subject to tissue-specific regulation by hormones, nutrients, and oxidant stress","volume":"8","author":"Kletzien","year":"1994","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.2000.279.5.h2477","article-title":"Cyclic strain modulates resistance to oxidant stress by increasing G6PDH expression in smooth muscle cells","volume":"279","author":"Leopold","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2025.e42735","article-title":"Enhancing NADPH to restore redox homeostasis and lysosomal function in G6PD-deficient microglia","volume":"11","author":"Mondal","year":"2025","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/iub.1017","article-title":"Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, NADPH, and cell survival","volume":"64","author":"Stanton","year":"2012","journal-title":"IUBMB Life"},{"key":"B64","article-title":"Adrenal toxicology: environmental pollutants and the HPI axis","volume-title":"Biochem Mol Biol Fishes","author":"Hontela","year":"2005"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/0300-9629(91)90182-c","article-title":"The effects of cortisol administration on intermediary metabolism in teleost fish","volume":"100","author":"Vander Boon","year":"1991","journal-title":"Comp Biochem Physiol A"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/0959-8030(92)90056-4","article-title":"The role of phagocytes in the protective mechanisms of fish","volume":"2","author":"Secombes","year":"1992","journal-title":"Annu Rev Fish Dis"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3354\/dao025175","article-title":"In vitro activation of rainbow trout macrophages stimulates inhibition of Renibacterium salmoninarum growth concomitant with augmented generationof respiratory burst products","volume":"25","author":"Hardie","year":"1996","journal-title":"Dis Aqua Organ"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/fsim.1993.1013","article-title":"The role of reactive oxygen species in the killing of the bacterial fish pathogen Aeromonas salmonicida by rainbow trout macrophages","volume":"3","author":"Sharp","year":"1993","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpb.2005.07.004","article-title":"Dietary high protein and vitamin C mitigate stress due to chelate claw ablation in Macrobrachium rosenbergii males","volume":"142","author":"Manush","year":"2005","journal-title":"Comp Biochem Physiol"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2018.00802","article-title":"Unraveling the regulation of hepatic gluconeogenesis","volume":"9","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14779072.2025.2561068","article-title":"The role of stress-induced hyperglycemia in acute coronary syndromes: pathophysiology, novel markers and clinical implications","volume":"23","author":"Bantidos","year":"2025","journal-title":"Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2008.12.021","article-title":"Assessment of genotoxic and mutagenic effects of chlorpyrifos in freshwater fish Channa punctatus (Bloch) using micronucleus assay and alkaline single-cell gel electrophoresis","volume":"47","author":"Ali","year":"2009","journal-title":"Food Chem Toxicol"},{"key":"B73","first-page":"860","article-title":"Aberrations in the chromosomes of Cirrhinus mrigala (Hamilton) upon exposure to butachlor","volume":"7","author":"Abhay","year":"2013","journal-title":"IJT"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics13060455","article-title":"Health hazards associated with exposure to endosulfan: a mini-review","volume":"13","author":"Berdowska","year":"2025","journal-title":"Toxics"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12022","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-95697-1","article-title":"Acute toxicity of mercury in response to metallothionein expression and oxidative and cellular metabolic stress in Barbonymus gonionotus","volume":"15","author":"Kumar","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2011.02.002","article-title":"Assessment of the acute toxicity of the organochlorine pesticide endosulfan in Cichlasoma dimerus (Teleostei, Perciformes)","volume":"74","author":"Da Cuna","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ecot Environ Saf"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-445x(92)90012-c","article-title":"Histological changes in gills induced by residues of endosulfan","volume":"23","author":"Nowak","year":"1992","journal-title":"Aqua Toxicol"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00050.2003","article-title":"The multifunctional fish gill: dominant site of gas exchange, osmoregulation, acid-base regulation, and excretion of nitrogenous waste","volume":"85","author":"Evans","year":"2005","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.5772\/54742","article-title":"Physiological dysfunction in fish after insecticides exposure","volume-title":"Insecticides - Development of Safer and More Effective Technologies","author":"Banaee","year":"2013"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2012.00431","article-title":"Multiple functions of the crustacean gill: osmotic\/ionic regulation, acid-base balance, ammonia excretion, and bioaccumulation of toxic metals","volume":"3","author":"Henry","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.3989\/scimar.2003.67n153","article-title":"Histopathological changes induced by lindane (\u03b3-HCH) in various organs of fishes","volume":"67","author":"Ortiz","year":"2003","journal-title":"Sci Mar"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10934529009375587","article-title":"Hepatopathotoxicity of three pesticides in a freshwater fish, puntius conchonius ham","volume":"25","author":"Gill","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Environ Sci Health A"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01926230701230353","article-title":"Histopathology of rainbow trout exposed to sublethal concentrations of methiocarb or endosulfan","volume":"35","author":"Altinok","year":"2007","journal-title":"Toxicol Pathol"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Immunology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1887110\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T04:52:47Z","timestamp":1790743967000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1887110\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]]},"references-count":83,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1887110"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1887110","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-3224"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-3224","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]]},"article-number":"1887110"}}