{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T05:47:11Z","timestamp":1785822431931,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785715200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>The repetition of a condition following endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) poses an important difficulty in type 2 chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) therapy. The recurrent nature of the disease is probably linked to the dynamic interplay of the enduring type 2 inflammatory microenvironment and the imbalanced sinonasal microbiome. The microbiomic characteristics and pathogenic mechanisms of postoperative recurrence are systematically elaborated in this paper, indicating that recurrent CRSwNP is characterized by microbial dysbiosis featured by enrichment of Staphylococcus aureus, depletion of Corynebacterium, and reduction in \u03b1-diversity. Its core mechanisms involve superantigen-mediated immune hijacking, epithelial barrier collapse caused by microbial metabolic imbalance, and physiological tolerance mediated by biofilms. On this basis, as a scoping review, this paper further reviews the shift of intervention strategies from \u201cbroad-spectrum bactericidal\u201d to \u201cprecise ecological restoration\u201d, including narrow-spectrum antibacterial and phage therapies targeting Staphylococcus aureus, ecological replacement therapy by supplementing nasal-specific commensal bacteria (such as Corynebacterium), and synergistic regulation strategies using biological agents such as dupilumab to indirectly reshape the microecology by inhibiting type 2 inflammation. In addition, the paper also discusses the potential of constructing postoperative recurrence prediction models based on microbial biomarkers, aiming to provide a theoretical basis for the precise and dynamic management of CRSwNP.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1889314","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T05:35:45Z","timestamp":1785821745000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Mechanism of action of the sinus microbiome in postoperative recurrence of type 2 chronic rhinosinusitis and advances in targeted intervention"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Haonan","family":"Lin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology, Affiliated Hospital of Shaoxing University","place":["Shaoxing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liming","family":"Shang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology, Affiliated Hospital of Shaoxing University","place":["Shaoxing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yinping","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Shaoxing People\u2019s Hospital","place":["Shaoxing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/JAA.S447093","article-title":"Multi-disciplinary expert perspective on the management of type 2 inflammation-driven severe crswnp: A brief overview of pathophysiology and recent clinical insights","volume":"17","author":"Toppila-Salmi","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Asthma Allergy"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.26391","article-title":"Prevalence of polyp recurrence after endoscopic sinus surgery for chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyposis","volume":"127","author":"DeConde","year":"2017","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1186\/s13601-019-0269-4","article-title":"Twelve-year follow-up study after endoscopic sinus surgery in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyposis","volume":"9","author":"Calus","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Trans Allergy"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/all.16519","article-title":"Chinese position paper on biologic therapy for chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps","volume":"80","author":"Xian","year":"2025","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4193\/rhin20.600","article-title":"European position paper on rhinosinusitis and nasal polyps 2020","volume":"58","author":"Fokkens","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rhinology J"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/immuno5030026","article-title":"Chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps: Window of immunologic responses and horizon of biological therapies","volume":"5","author":"Farokhi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Immuno"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-024-08574-4","article-title":"The value of biomarkers in the therapy of crswnp with biologicals\u2014a long-term follow-up of dupilumab therapy","volume":"281","author":"Sarnoch","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur Arch Oto-Rhino-Laryngology"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/1061658","article-title":"Exploration of predictive biomarkers for postoperative recurrence in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps based on serum multiple-cytokine profiling","volume":"2022","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mediators Inflammation"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm14030297","article-title":"Long-term perspectives on chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps: Evaluating recurrence rates after functional endoscopic sinus surgery in the biologics era\u2014a 5-year follow-up study","volume":"14","author":"Cavaliere","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Personalized Med"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1125","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13041125","article-title":"Polyps' extension and recurrence in different endotypes of chronic rhinosinusitis: A series of 449 consecutive patients","volume":"13","author":"Calvanese","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/all.15844","article-title":"Dupilumab-induced eosinophilia in patients with diffuse type 2 chronic rhinosinusitis","volume":"78","author":"Ryser","year":"2023","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm13040618","article-title":"Care for patients with type-2 chronic rhinosinusitis","volume":"13","author":"Giunta","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Pers Med"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-022-01964-3","article-title":"Variability of strain engraftment and predictability of microbiome composition after fecal microbiota transplantation across different diseases","volume":"28","author":"Ianiro","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2015.01532","article-title":"Bacterial communities vary between sinuses in chronic rhinosinusitis patients","volume":"6","author":"Joss","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00532\u201319","DOI":"10.1128\/mSphere.00532-19","article-title":"Anterior nares diversity and pathobionts represent sinus microbiome in chronic rhinosinusitis","volume":"4","author":"De Boeck","year":"2019","journal-title":"mSphere"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/alr.21195","article-title":"Medical therapy reduces microbiota diversity and evenness in surgically recalcitrant chronic rhinosinusitis","volume":"3","author":"Liu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int Forum Allergy Rhinol"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-017-0266-6","article-title":"Compositionally and functionally distinct sinus microbiota in chronic rhinosinusitis patients have immunological and clinically divergent consequences","volume":"5","author":"Cope","year":"2017","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-020-06370-4","article-title":"The influence of nasal bacterial microbiome diversity on the pathogenesis and prognosis of chronic rhinosinusitis patients with polyps","volume":"278","author":"Gan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2021.672355","article-title":"Sinus microbiota in patients with eosinophilic and non-eosinophilic chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps","volume":"11","author":"Feng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0304634","article-title":"Bacterial and fungal communities in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps","volume":"19","author":"Uzuno\u011flu","year":"2024","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3892\/etm.2019.7366","article-title":"Gene expression profile in mouse bacterial chronic rhinosinusitis","volume":"17","author":"Geng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Exp Ther Med"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(17)30879-6","article-title":"After asthma: Redefining airways diseases","volume":"391","author":"Pavord","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet (London England)"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6364","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-85292-5","article-title":"The influence of nasal microbiome diversity and inflammatory patterns on the prognosis of nasal polyps","volume":"11","author":"Gan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lio2.1026","article-title":"Microbiome and Th cytokines association in chronic rhinosinusitis with or without nasal polyp","volume":"8","author":"Zhu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Laryngoscope Invest Otolaryngol"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1112345","article-title":"The nasal microbiome in patients suffering from non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs-exacerbated respiratory disease in absence of corticosteroids","volume":"14","author":"Bartosik","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7926","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-26327-2","article-title":"Chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps is characterized by dysbacteriosis of the nasal microbiota","volume":"8","author":"Chalermwatanachai","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-065X.2008.00681.x","article-title":"The bacterial superantigen and superantigen-like proteins","volume":"225","author":"Fraser","year":"2008","journal-title":"Immunol Rev"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1010097","article-title":"Streptococcal superantigens and the return of scarlet fever","volume":"17","author":"Hurst","year":"2021","journal-title":"PloS Pathog"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2024.11.011","article-title":"Anti-Ige therapy in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps","volume":"155","author":"Chhiba","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/s0022215117001335","article-title":"Role of local allergic inflammation and Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxins in Chinese patients with chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps","volume":"131","author":"Cheng","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Laryngology Otology"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1002\/alr.22741","article-title":"International consensus statement on allergy and rhinology: Rhinosinusitis 2021","volume":"11","author":"Orlandi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int Forum Allergy Rhinol"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.26355\/eurrev_201903_17349","article-title":"The theory of a \"Staphylococcus superantigen\" in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps: Myth or reality","volume":"23","author":"Dobretsov","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms14010234","article-title":"Clinical and immunological perspectives on the nasal microbiome's role in olfactory function and dysfunction","volume":"14","author":"Mukhtar","year":"2026","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E8","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.26949","article-title":"Staphylococcus aureus V8 protease disrupts the integrity of the airway epithelial barrier and impairs Il-6 production in vitro","volume":"128","author":"Murphy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2011.03.004","article-title":"E-cadherin: Gatekeeper of airway mucosa and allergic sensitization","volume":"32","author":"Nawijn","year":"2011","journal-title":"Trends Immunol"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2024.149967","article-title":"Butyrate inhibits type 2 inflammation in eosinophilic chronic rhinosinusitis","volume":"714","author":"Toyama","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jare.2020.03.003","article-title":"Hydrogen sulfide toxicity in the gut environment: Meta-analysis of sulfate-reducing and lactic acid bacteria in inflammatory processes","volume":"27","author":"Dordevi\u0107","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Adv Res"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9637","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-36678-0","article-title":"An antioxidant ameliorates allergic airway inflammation by inhibiting Hdac 1 via Hif-1\u03b1\/Vegf axis suppression in mice","volume":"13","author":"Islam","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1639606","article-title":"Immunomodulatory roles of butyrate in asthma: Mechanisms and therapeutic potentials","volume":"16","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12726","article-title":"Metabolites produced by commensal bacteria promote peripheral regulatory T-cell generation","volume":"504","author":"Arpaia","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1038\/s42255-024-01191-9","article-title":"Short-chain fatty acid metabolites propionate and butyrate are unique epigenetic regulatory elements linking diet, metabolism and gene expression","volume":"7","author":"Nshanian","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat Metab"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1007\/s12016-025-09097-4","article-title":"Targeting Il-4\/Il-13 signaling pathways in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps: From mechanisms to therapies","volume":"68","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clin Rev Allergy Immunol"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1186\/s43168-025-00466-3","article-title":"Chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps and asthma: Unraveling shared inflammatory pathways and evolving therapeutic synergies","volume":"19","author":"Feng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Egyptian J Bronchology"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsbiomaterials.3c00481","article-title":"Ph-responsive, charge-reversing layer-by-layer nanoparticle surfaces enhance biofilm penetration and eradication","volume":"9","author":"Deiss-Yehiely","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS Biomaterials Sci Eng"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms5010009","article-title":"Microbial biofilms and chronic wounds","volume":"5","author":"Omar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.micro.112408.134306","article-title":"Persister cells","volume":"64","author":"Lewis","year":"2010","journal-title":"Annu Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1873-3468.13767","article-title":"Staphylococci evade the innate immune response by disarming neutrophils and forming biofilms","volume":"594","author":"de Vor","year":"2020","journal-title":"FEBS Lett"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2010.07.007","article-title":"Presence of Il-5 protein and Ige antibodies to staphylococcal enterotoxins in nasal polyps is associated with comorbid asthma","volume":"126","author":"Bachert","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.otohns.2010.07.017","article-title":"Biofilm and persistent inflammation in endoscopic sinus surgery","volume":"143","author":"Hochstim","year":"2010","journal-title":"Otolaryngology--Head Neck Surgery: Off J Am Acad Otolaryngology-Head Neck Surg"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000052","article-title":"Agr-mediated dispersal of Staphylococcus aureus biofilms","volume":"4","author":"Boles","year":"2008","journal-title":"PloS Pathog"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/6029075","article-title":"Probiotics reduce postoperative infections in patients undergoing colorectal surgery: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"2017","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gastroenterol Res Pract"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3978\/j.issn.2304-3881.2013.06.05","article-title":"Probiotic use in preventing postoperative infection in liver transplant patients","volume":"2","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hepatobiliary Surg Nutr"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1186\/s13601-017-0157-8","article-title":"Endotype-driven treatment in chronic upper airway diseases","volume":"7","author":"De Greve","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Trans Allergy"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/all.15168","article-title":"Predicting the recurrence of chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps using nasal microbiota","volume":"77","author":"Zhao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1014","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics13061014","article-title":"Antibiotic resistance diagnosis in eskape pathogens-a review on proteomic perspective","volume":"13","author":"Kalpana","year":"2023","journal-title":"Diagnostics (Basel Switzerland)"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1945892420978957","article-title":"A nomogram combing peripheral parameters for estimation of crswnp recurrence","volume":"35","author":"Du","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Rhinology Allergy"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2021.813076","article-title":"Biofilm and planktonic antibiotic resistance in patients with acute exacerbation of chronic rhinosinusitis","volume":"11","author":"Sabino","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.4168\/aair.2021.13.4.589","article-title":"Antibiotic-dependent relationships between the nasal microbiome and secreted proteome in nasal polyps","volume":"13","author":"Kim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Allergy Asthma Immunol Res"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6116","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23116116","article-title":"Aptc-c-sa01: A novel bacteriophage cocktail targeting Staphylococcus aureus and MRSA biofilms","volume":"23","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.20517\/mrr.2025.31","article-title":"Phage therapy as a revitalized weapon for treating clinical diseases","volume":"4","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Microbiome Res Rep"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2217\/fmb.13.47","article-title":"Phage cocktails and the future of phage therapy","volume":"8","author":"Chan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Future Microbiol"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.9790\/1959-1305015159","article-title":"Addressing the rising threat of antibiotic resistance by optimizing phage therapy to combat antibiotic resistant bacteria","volume":"13","author":"Kachhala","year":"2024","journal-title":"IOSR J Nurs Health Sci"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2020.00440","article-title":"Intranasal application of Lactococcus lactis W136 is safe in chronic rhinosinusitis patients with previous sinus surgery","volume":"10","author":"Endam","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/alr.22521","article-title":"The impact of Lactococcus lactis (probiotic nasal rinse) co-culture on growth of patient-derived strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa","volume":"10","author":"Cho","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int Forum Allergy Rhinol"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2050","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms13092050","article-title":"Antibiofilm effects of N-acetyl cysteine on staphylococcal biofilm in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis","volume":"13","author":"Jotic","year":"2025","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.01334-16","article-title":"Effect of high N-acetylcysteine concentrations on antibiotic activity against a large collection of respiratory pathogens","volume":"60","author":"Landini","year":"2016","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2013.11.005","article-title":"Nasal microenvironments and interspecific interactions influence nasal microbiota complexity and S. aureus carriage","volume":"14","author":"Yan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.984741","article-title":"Corynebacterium accolens inhibits Staphylococcus aureus induced mucosal barrier disruption","volume":"13","author":"Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.01725-15","article-title":"Corynebacterium accolens releases antipneumococcal free fatty acids from human nostril and skin surface triacylglycerols","volume":"7","author":"Bomar","year":"2016","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.01581-21","article-title":"Genomic epidemiology and strain taxonomy of Corynebacterium diphtheriae","volume":"59","author":"Guglielmini","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/jhin.1999.0680","article-title":"Bacterial interference among nasal inhabitants: Eradication of Staphylococcus aureus from nasal cavities by artificial implantation of Corynebacterium sp","volume":"44","author":"Uehara","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Hosp Infection"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/jci13557","article-title":"Il-13 alters mucociliary differentiation and ciliary beating of human respiratory epithelial cells","volume":"108","author":"Laoukili","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2011.10.043","article-title":"Il-13 dampens human airway epithelial innate immunity through induction of Il-1 receptor-associated kinase M","volume":"129","author":"Wu","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1010647","article-title":"Staphylococcus aureus-induced immunosuppression mediated by Il-10 and Il-27 facilitates nasal colonisation","volume":"18","author":"Kelly","year":"2022","journal-title":"PloS Pathog"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1380846","article-title":"The oxidant-antioxidant imbalance was involved in the pathogenesis of chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps","volume":"15","author":"Zhou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2019-213415","article-title":"Normalisation of MRI ventilation heterogeneity in severe asthma by dupilumab","volume":"74","author":"Svenningsen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/tcrm.S210648","article-title":"Therapeutic potential of dupilumab in the treatment of chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps: Evidence to date","volume":"16","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ther Clin Risk Manage"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1487","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9071487","article-title":"Changes in skin and nasal microbiome and staphylococcal species following treatment of atopic dermatitis with dupilumab","volume":"9","author":"Olesen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1508500","article-title":"Dupilumab treatment has no effect on the nasal microbiome in patients with NSAID-exacerbated respiratory disease: A longitudinal pilot study","volume":"16","author":"Bartosik","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/jir.S443420","article-title":"Remodeling of paranasal sinuses mucosa functions in response to biofilm-induced inflammation","volume":"17","author":"Kaliniak","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Inflammation Res"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2024.12.010","article-title":"Nasal microbiota transplantation: A gateway to novel treatments","volume":"33","author":"Shekhar","year":"2025","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/alr.23122","article-title":"Upper airway microbiome transplantation for patients with chronic rhinosinusitis","volume":"13","author":"M\u00e5rtensson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int Forum Allergy Rhinol"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/alr.23352","article-title":"Sinonasal microbiota transfer to treat recalcitrant chronic rhinosinusitis: A case series","volume":"14","author":"Gill","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int Forum Allergy Rhinol"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/falgy.2025.1714577","article-title":"Chronic rhinosinusitis with and without nasal polyps: The state-of-the-art of current treatment strategies and future developments","volume":"6","author":"Nappi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Allergy"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Immunology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1889314\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T05:35:49Z","timestamp":1785821749000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1889314\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]]},"references-count":84,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1889314"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1889314","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-3224"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-3224","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]]},"article-number":"1889314"}}