{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T15:34:59Z","timestamp":1792510499767,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783555200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cell surface glycoRNAs have recently emerged as an unexpected class of RNA-glycan conjugates. Their discovery challenges the long-standing view that RNA is confined to intracellular compartments. These small noncoding RNAs, modified with N- or O-linked glycans and displayed on the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane, create a unique molecular interface recognizable by both glycan-binding and nucleic acid-sensing immune receptors. Recent studies suggest that glycoRNAs engage multiple immune receptor families, including P-selectin, Siglecs, Toll-like receptors (TLRs), and lectins, to influence neutrophil trafficking, immune activation, and tolerance. For instance, interactions between P-selectin and glycoRNAs have been implicated in neutrophil recruitment. In this Mini-Review, we summarize current knowledge of the molecular features of glycoRNAs and their emerging interfaces with immune receptors and discuss how glycoRNAs may represent a new layer of immune regulation at the cell surface.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1889356","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T04:19:24Z","timestamp":1783570764000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Cell surface RNAs define a new interface for immune recognition"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Xinming","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Rice University","place":["Houston, TX, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiahao","family":"Liao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Rice University","place":["Houston, TX, 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