{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T09:05:19Z","timestamp":1785229519371,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":100,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785196800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The decision to rechallenge a patient with immune checkpoint inhibitor\u2212associated acute kidney injury (ICI\u2212AKI) remains one of the most challenging dilemmas in onco\u2212nephrology. Although major guidelines affirm that rechallenge may be considered in selected patients, they uniformly acknowledge a critical gap: no validated tool currently exists to estimate an individual\u2019s risk of recurrence. Reported recurrence rates range from 16.5% to 44%, and the survival benefit of rechallenge is inconsistent across studies. In this review, we synthesize recent evidence on risk factors for ICI\u2212AKI recurrence, including clinical parameters (acute kidney injury (AKI) severity, renal recovery status, extra\u2212renal immune\u2212related adverse events (irAEs), concomitant medications, and immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) regimen), pathological findings (acute tubulointerstitial nephritis (ATIN) with Banff scoring, and glomerular diseases), emerging biomarkers (urinary C\u2212X\u2212C motif chemokine ligand 9 (CXCL9)-to-creatinine ratio with an optimal cutoff of 269.5 ng\/g, and serum soluble interleukin\u22122 receptor alpha (sIL\u22122R\u03b1) with a cutoff of \u22651.75\u00d7 the upper limit of normal (ULN)), genetic markers (the propionyl\u2212CoA carboxylase subunit alpha (\n                    <jats:italic>PCCA<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) variant rs16957301), and acute kidney disease (AKD). We translate this evidence into a practical, stepwise risk stratification framework that classifies patients into low\u2212, intermediate\u2212, and high\u2212risk tiers through the sequential integration of clinical, pathological, and biomarker information. The biomarker cutoffs included in this framework\u2014derived from diagnostic studies\u2014are hypothesis\u2212generating in the context of recurrence prediction and require prospective validation before clinical application. For each tier, we provide corresponding recommendations regarding rechallenge decisions, monitoring intensity, and prophylactic immunosuppression, while acknowledging the limited evidence supporting prophylactic corticosteroids in this setting. Finally, we discuss current controversies\u2014including the optimal timing of rechallenge, racial differences that challenge model generalizability, and the unresolved role of prophylactic glucocorticoids\u2014and outline future research priorities organized around clinical validation, biomarker development, mechanistic exploration, and integration of emerging technologies. This framework is designed for immediate clinical application across diverse settings, ranging from resource\u2212limited primary hospitals to tertiary centers. By transforming empirical decision\u2212making into evidence\u2212based, individualized risk assessment, this review aims to guide precision rechallenge management for patients recovering from ICI\u2212AKI.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1889678","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T08:44:33Z","timestamp":1785228273000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Risk stratification for immune checkpoint inhibitor rechallenge after acute kidney injury: towards a precision medicine framework"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Qiao-Qiao","family":"Zhou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hemodialysis Room, Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","place":["Chengdu, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ling","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Internal Medicine, Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","place":["Chengdu, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhealeco.2026.103115","article-title":"The impact of immunotherapy on reductions in cancer mortality: Evidence from Medicare","volume":"106","author":"Horn","year":"2026","journal-title":"J Health Econ"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djz030","article-title":"Assessing long-term survival benefits of immune checkpoint inhibitors using the net survival benefit","volume":"111","author":"P\u00e9ron","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Inst"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1038\/s41698-025-00979-6","article-title":"A multimodal fusion system predicting survival benefits of immune checkpoint inhibitors in unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"9","author":"Xu","year":"2025","journal-title":"NPJ Precis Oncol"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/jco.21.01440","article-title":"Management of immune-related adverse events in patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy: Asco guideline update","volume":"39","author":"Schneider","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e002435","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2021-002435","article-title":"Society for Immunotherapy of Cancer (Sitc) clinical practice guideline on immune checkpoint inhibitor-related adverse events","volume":"9","author":"Brahmer","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Immunother Cancer"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"794","DOI":"10.1038\/s41581-022-00630-8","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of immune checkpoint inhibitor-associated acute kidney injury","volume":"18","author":"Sprangers","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Rev Nephrol"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2024.09.017","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of immune checkpoint inhibitor-associated nephrotoxicity: A position statement from the American Society of Onco-Nephrology","volume":"107","author":"Herrmann","year":"2025","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e003467","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2021-003467","article-title":"Acute kidney injury in patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors","volume":"9","author":"Gupta","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Immunother Cancer"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ekir.2021.01.013","article-title":"Biomarkers, clinical features, and rechallenge for immune checkpoint inhibitor renal immune-related adverse events","volume":"6","author":"Isik","year":"2021","journal-title":"Kidney Int Rep"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2023.05.034","article-title":"Incidence, mortality, and risk factors of acute kidney injury after immune checkpoint inhibitors: Systematic review and meta-analysis of real-world evidence","volume":"115","author":"Xie","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur J Intern Med"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2023.112967","article-title":"Acute kidney injury in patients receiving immune checkpoint inhibitors: A retrospective real-world study","volume":"191","author":"Lumlertgul","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur J Cancer"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e000467","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2019-000467","article-title":"Acute kidney injury associated with immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy: Incidence, risk factors and outcomes","volume":"8","author":"Meraz-Mu\u00f1oz","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Immunother Cancer"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2215\/cjn.00990119","article-title":"The incidence, causes, and risk factors of acute kidney injury in patients receiving immune checkpoint inhibitors","volume":"14","author":"Seethapathy","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfaf191","article-title":"Practice patterns and outcomes in cancer patients developing immune checkpoint inhibitors-related aki","author":"Blanchette","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000549355","article-title":"Rechallenge with immune checkpoint inhibitors in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma: A narrative review","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Liver Cancer"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000551629","article-title":"Immune checkpoint inhibitor rechallenge in unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma: A multicenter efficacy and safety study","author":"Chen","year":"2026","journal-title":"Liver Cancer"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-020-0160-6","article-title":"Immune-related adverse events of checkpoint inhibitors","volume":"6","author":"Ramos-Casals","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2019.07.022","article-title":"Immune checkpoint inhibitor nephrotoxicity: What do we know and what should we do","volume":"97","author":"Perazella","year":"2020","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1173952","article-title":"Incidence and risk factors of acute kidney injury in cancer patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"14","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1353339","article-title":"Immune checkpoint inhibitors and acute kidney injury","volume":"15","author":"Zhou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.13243","article-title":"Immunological mechanisms underlying clinical phenotypes and noninvasive diagnosis of immune checkpoint inhibitor-induced kidney disease","volume":"318","author":"Seethapathy","year":"2023","journal-title":"Immunol Rev"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3991","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11243991","article-title":"Acute kidney injury in cancer immunotherapy recipients","volume":"11","author":"Joseph","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1393901","article-title":"Immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy associated with Iga nephropathy: A case report and literature review","volume":"15","author":"Chabannes","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2025.01.021","article-title":"Pathological findings of immunotherapy-induced nephrotoxicity in a humanized immune system mouse model","volume":"107","author":"Asby","year":"2025","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2024.115114","article-title":"Pcca variant Rs16957301 is a novel aki risk genotype-specific for patients who receive ici treatment: Real-world evidence from All of Us cohort","volume":"213","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur J Cancer"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2025.05.029","article-title":"Urinary C-X-C-motif ligand 9 (Cxcl9) in immune checkpoint inhibitor-associated acute interstitial nephritis","volume":"108","author":"Gupta","year":"2025","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202505445","article-title":"Resident macrophage-orchestrated immune and fibroblast interactions in immune checkpoint inhibitor-associated nephrotoxicity","volume":"12","author":"Ma","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv Sci (Weinh)"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfag016","article-title":"Urinary Cxcl-9 outperforms Tnf-alpha for non-invasive diagnosis of immune checkpoint inhibitor-associated acute interstitial nephritis","author":"Chavez","year":"2026","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ekir.2022.11.020","article-title":"Cytokines and immune cell phenotype in acute kidney injury associated with immune checkpoint inhibitors","volume":"8","author":"Farooqui","year":"2023","journal-title":"Kidney Int Rep"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e006222","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2022-006222","article-title":"Soluble and cell-based markers of immune checkpoint inhibitor-associated nephritis","volume":"11","author":"Sise","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Immunother Cancer"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2090","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers17132090","article-title":"Immunotherapy-associated renal dysfunction in metastatic cancer: An emerging challenge in onco-nephrology","volume":"17","author":"Trevisani","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/2162402x.2021.1927313","article-title":"Incidence, predictors, and survival impact of acute kidney injury in patients with melanoma treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors: A 10-year single-institution analysis","volume":"10","author":"Abdelrahim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Oncoimmunology"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.34067\/kid.0000852019","article-title":"Immune checkpoint inhibitor nephrotoxicity: Update 2020","volume":"1","author":"Gupta","year":"2020","journal-title":"Kidney360"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines13030711","article-title":"Nephrotoxicity of immune checkpoint inhibitors in single and combination therapy-a systematic and critical review","volume":"13","author":"Tasc\u00f3n","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/0886022x.2024.2326186","article-title":"Acute kidney injury in patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors: A single-center retrospective study","volume":"46","author":"Zhou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ren Fail"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1681\/asn.2019070676","article-title":"Clinical features and outcomes of immune checkpoint inhibitor-associated aki: A multicenter study","volume":"31","author":"Cortazar","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lungcan.2023.107325","article-title":"Immune-related acute kidney injury in Australian non-small cell lung cancer patients: Real-world results","volume":"184","author":"Knox","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lung Cancer"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.574271","article-title":"The use of immune checkpoint inhibitors in oncology and the occurrence of aki: Where do we stand","volume":"11","author":"Franzin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21873\/invivo.12570","article-title":"Concomitant proton pump inhibitors and immune checkpoint inhibitors increase nephritis frequency","volume":"35","author":"Kato","year":"2021","journal-title":"In Vivo"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"gfaf116.1985","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfaf116.1985","article-title":"#1570 Multicentric study of clinical characteristics and risk factors of acute renal failure in oncological patients under treatment with checkpoint inhibitors","volume":"40","author":"S\u00e1nchez","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nephrol Dialysis Transplant"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.34788","article-title":"Proton pump inhibitors and the risk of acute kidney injury in cancer patients receiving immune checkpoint inhibitors: A Danish population-based cohort study","volume":"154","author":"Munch","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00262-021-02983-8","article-title":"Immune checkpoint inhibitors-induced nephropathy: A French national survey","volume":"70","author":"G\u00e9rard","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancer Immunol Immunother"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.34067\/kid.0000000000000528","article-title":"Association between proton pump inhibitors, immune checkpoint inhibitors, and acute kidney injury: A nested case-control study","volume":"5","author":"Yamawaki","year":"2024","journal-title":"Kidney360"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ckj\/sfad109","article-title":"Immune checkpoint inhibitors and their interaction with proton pump inhibitors-related interstitial nephritis","volume":"16","author":"Miao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Kidney J"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10157-023-02429-8","article-title":"Single and combination immunotherapy with chemotherapy and the risk of aki in patients with solid cancer","volume":"28","author":"de Brito","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin Exp Nephrol"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00432-022-04437-9","article-title":"Acute kidney injury in advanced lung cancer patients treated with Pd-1 inhibitors: A single center observational study","volume":"149","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Cancer Res Clin Oncol"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfaa137","article-title":"Acute kidney injury in patients treated with anti-programmed death receptor-1 for advanced melanoma: A real-life study in a single-centre cohort","volume":"36","author":"Stein","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1186\/s12882-023-03171-9","article-title":"Risk factors of immune checkpoint inhibitor-associated acute kidney injury: Evidence from clinical studies and Fda pharmacovigilance database","volume":"24","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Nephrol"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.54487","article-title":"Nephrological detrimental impacts resulting from novel immunotherapy drugs used in the treatment of cancer: A systematic review","volume":"16","author":"Jaiswal","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08923973.2024.2360071","article-title":"Acute kidney injury associated with anti-Pd-1 and anti-Pd-L1 drugs: A meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials","volume":"46","author":"Lima","year":"2024","journal-title":"Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2016.04.008","article-title":"Clinicopathological features of acute kidney injury associated with immune checkpoint inhibitors","volume":"90","author":"Cortazar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14020388","article-title":"A real-world comparison of the safety profile for immune checkpoint inhibitors in oncology patients","volume":"14","author":"Alwhaibi","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2023.1221135","article-title":"Biopsy-proven acute tubulointerstitial nephritis in patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors: a pooled analysis of case reports","volume":"13","author":"Esposito","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1186\/s12882-024-03494-1","article-title":"Nephrotic syndrome with acute kidney injury due to combination therapy of immune checkpoint inhibitors: a case report and review of the literature","volume":"25","author":"Saiki","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Nephrol"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/js9.0000000000004745","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms and clinical patterns of ici-associated acute kidney failure: an integrated pharmacovigilance and pathway analysis","author":"Sun","year":"2026","journal-title":"Int J Surg"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oncolo\/oyad001","article-title":"Safety of immune checkpoint inhibitors in patients with advanced chronic kidney disease: a retrospective cohort study","volume":"28","author":"Tiu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Oncologist"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/10781552231171078","article-title":"Cohort study on immune checkpoint inhibitor-associated acute kidney injury: incidence, risk factors, and management strategies","volume":"30","author":"Panich","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Oncol Pharm Pract"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11523-023-00969-3","article-title":"Uncovering the burden of immune-related adverse events in immunotherapy: insights from a nationally representative sample","volume":"18","author":"Pichardo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Target Oncol"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s1470-2045(23)00358-3","article-title":"First-line regorafenib with nivolumab and chemotherapy in advanced oesophageal, gastric, or gastro-oesophageal junction cancer in the USA: a single-arm, single-centre, phase 2 trial","volume":"24","author":"Cytryn","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1186\/s12882-020-02044-9","article-title":"Histological diagnosis of immune checkpoint inhibitor induced acute renal injury in patients with metastatic melanoma: a retrospective case series report","volume":"21","author":"Hultin","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Nephrol"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5267","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers14215267","article-title":"Pathologic predictors of response to treatment of immune checkpoint inhibitor-induced kidney injury","volume":"14","author":"Abudayyeh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3231","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14093231","article-title":"Immune checkpoint inhibitor-associated acute kidney injury: a single-center experience of biopsy-proven cases","volume":"14","author":"Kommer","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e004421","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2021-004421","article-title":"Mortality after acute kidney injury and acute interstitial nephritis in patients prescribed immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy","volume":"10","author":"Baker","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Immunother Cancer"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ekir.2020.10.002","article-title":"A systematic review of immune checkpoint inhibitor-associated glomerular disease","volume":"6","author":"Kitchlu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Kidney Int Rep"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40425-018-0478-8","article-title":"Nephrotoxicity of immune checkpoint inhibitors beyond tubulointerstitial nephritis: single-center experience","volume":"7","author":"Mamlouk","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Immunother Cancer"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ckj\/sfaf373","article-title":"Rituximab for the treatment of immune checkpoint inhibitor-induced glomerulonephritis","volume":"19","author":"Alasadi","year":"2026","journal-title":"Clin Kidney J"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneph.2023.1168614","article-title":"Case report: immune checkpoint inhibitor-induced multiorgan vasculitis successfully treated with rituximab","volume":"3","author":"Qureshi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Nephrol"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfae184","article-title":"Immune checkpoint inhibitor-associated nephritis-treatment standard","volume":"39","author":"Barbir","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2023.151346","article-title":"Immune checkpoint inhibitor-associated aki: debates in diagnosis, management, and rechallenge","volume":"42","author":"Seethapathy","year":"2022","journal-title":"Semin Nephrol"},{"key":"B70","article-title":"Grading t lymphocyte-mediated acute interstitial nephritis following checkpoint inhibitor therapy","volume":"55","author":"Al-Othman","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ann Clin Lab Sci"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-023-01586-6","article-title":"Mapping the dynamic genetic regulatory architecture of hla genes at single-cell resolution","volume":"55","author":"Kang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"gfaf116.129","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfaf116.129","article-title":"#696 urinary cxcl9 in immune checkpoint inhibitor-associated acute interstitial nephritis (ici-ain)","volume":"40","author":"Gupta","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nephrol Dialysis Transplant"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e168950","DOI":"10.1172\/jci168950","article-title":"Identification and validation of urinary cxcl9 as a biomarker for diagnosis of acute interstitial nephritis","volume":"133","author":"Moledina","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e010680","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2024-010680","article-title":"Urine proteomics defines an immune checkpoint-associated nephritis signature","volume":"13","author":"Long","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Immunother Cancer"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ekir.2025.03.050","article-title":"Update on acute tubulointerstitial nephritis: clinical features, immunologic insights, and diagnostic and treatment approaches","volume":"10","author":"Sahutoglu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Kidney Int Rep"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2025.118430","article-title":"Subclinical tubular kidney injury associated with immune checkpoint inhibitors and cisplatin treatment: diagnosis through urinary biomarkers","volume":"191","author":"Tascon","year":"2025","journal-title":"BioMed Pharmacother"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/2162402x.2022.2124678","article-title":"Urinary t cells are detected in patients with immune checkpoint inhibitor-associated immune nephritis that are clonotypically identical to kidney t cell infiltrates","volume":"11","author":"Singh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Oncoimmunology"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1125111","article-title":"Changes of peripheral t cell subsets in melanoma patients with immune-related adverse events","volume":"14","author":"Muller","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1733357","article-title":"A composite score of serum cytokines enables early identification of patients at high risk for iraes under immune checkpoint inhibition","volume":"16","author":"Flatt","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41423-024-01197-z","article-title":"Tissue-resident memory t cells break tolerance to renal autoantigens and orchestrate immune-mediated nephritis","volume":"21","author":"Arnold","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Mol Immunol"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ckj\/sfaf009","article-title":"Cd163 detection in immune check-point inhibitors-related acute interstitial nephritis","volume":"18","author":"Perier","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clin Kidney J"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e182275","DOI":"10.1172\/jci182275","article-title":"F18-fdg pet imaging as a diagnostic tool for immune checkpoint inhibitor-associated acute kidney injury","volume":"134","author":"Gupta","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000339789","article-title":"Kdigo clinical practice guidelines for acute kidney injury","volume":"120","author":"Khwaja","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nephron Clin Pract"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3760\/cma.j.cn441217-20240618-00627","article-title":"Chinese expert consensus on the management of immune checkpoint inhibitors-induced renal immune-related adverse events","volume":"41","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chin J Nephrol"},{"key":"B85","unstructured":"Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (Ctcae) Version 5.0\n          \n          \n          \n          2017"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.34067\/kid.0000000660","article-title":"Novel biomarkers and imaging tests for acute kidney injury diagnosis in patients with cancer","volume":"6","author":"Mistry","year":"2025","journal-title":"Kidney360"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0298673","article-title":"Interpretable machine learning-based individual analysis of acute kidney injury in immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy","volume":"19","author":"Sakuragi","year":"2024","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1777744","article-title":"Evolving epidemiology and improving safety of rechallenge in immune checkpoint inhibitor-associated acute kidney injury: an updated meta-analysis","volume":"17","author":"Zhang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1007\/s00262-025-04147-4","article-title":"Immune checkpoint inhibitors-associated acute kidney injury: a systematic review and meta-analysis of incidence, kidney recovery, and recurrent risk","volume":"74","author":"Ho","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cancer Immunol Immunother"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.34067\/kid.0000152019","article-title":"Acute interstitial nephritis and checkpoint inhibitor therapy: single center experience of management and drug rechallenge","volume":"1","author":"Manohar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Kidney360"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e005646","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2022-005646","article-title":"Shorter versus longer corticosteroid duration and recurrent immune checkpoint inhibitor-associated aki","volume":"10","author":"Gupta","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Immunother Cancer"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2022.10.001","article-title":"Management of toxicities from immunotherapy: esmo clinical practice guideline for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up","volume":"33","author":"Haanen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann Oncol"},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/2162402x.2021.1877415","article-title":"Infliximab for the treatment of patients with checkpoint inhibitor-associated acute tubular interstitial nephritis","volume":"10","author":"Lin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Oncoimmunology"},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.898811","article-title":"Case report: successful treatment of late-onset immune checkpoint inhibitor-associated membranous nephropathy in a patient with advanced renal cell carcinoma","volume":"13","author":"Ratanasrimetha","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/15330338261428665","article-title":"Prediction models and prognostic analysis of immune-related acute kidney injury in lung cancer patients","volume":"25","author":"Qian","year":"2026","journal-title":"Technol Cancer Res Treat"},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13730-024-00855-5","article-title":"Two acute kidney injury episodes after ici therapy: a case report","volume":"13","author":"Ishiga","year":"2024","journal-title":"CEN Case Rep"},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08923973.2024.2330641","article-title":"Immunosuppressants against acute kidney injury: what to prefer or to avoid","volume":"46","author":"Mishra","year":"2024","journal-title":"Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol"},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1159\/000543323","article-title":"Immune checkpoint inhibitor-related acute kidney injury: management and challenges","author":"Youssef","year":"2025","journal-title":"Am J Nephrol"},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ckj\/sfad014","article-title":"Immunotherapy in oncology and the kidneys: a clinical review of the evaluation and management of kidney immune-related adverse events","volume":"16","author":"Rao Ullur","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Kidney J"},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2024-092752","article-title":"Clinical outcomes after immune checkpoint inhibitor-associated acute kidney injury: a cohort study","volume":"15","author":"Yang","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMJ Open"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Immunology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1889678\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T08:44:36Z","timestamp":1785228276000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1889678\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]]},"references-count":100,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1889678"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1889678","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-3224"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-3224","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]]},"article-number":"1889678"}}