{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T05:03:50Z","timestamp":1784610230772,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":148,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784592000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Among the immune mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitis (AAV), B-lineage cells play crucial roles by producing ANCA, presenting antigens to T cells, and secreting proinflammatory cytokines. The upregulated signaling pathways of the B-cell activation factor of tumor necrosis factor family (BAFF) and a proliferation-inducing ligand (APRIL), which are broadly produced by several types of myeloid cells, contribute to the activation and survival of autoreactive B cells, leading to disease onset and relapse. Furthermore, elevated levels of soluble BAFF and APRIL persist even in patients who achieve clinical remission following conventional induction therapies such as cyclophosphamide and rituximab (RTX), resulting in the cause of relapse. Active AAV is characterized by expansions of specific phenotypes in circulating B-cell lineages, including plasmablasts and plasma cells. Conversely, reductions in transitional, memory, and regulatory B cells are observed. Significant expressions of affinity receptors binding to secreting BAFF\/APRIL, including decreased BAFF receptor expression on memory B cells and transitional B cells or increased transmembrane activator and calcium-modulator and cyclophilin ligand interactor (TACI) expression on transitional B cells and plasmablasts\/plasma cells, are also observed during acute and remission AAV. Enhanced BAFF and APRIL signaling through these receptors, especially TACI, activates the intracellular nuclear factor-\u03baB pathway in B cells, promoting their proliferation and ANCA production. B-cell depletion therapy using RTX is effective; however, it requires repeated administration to maintain remission, which can occasionally lead to infection. Belimumab, a BAFF-inhibiting monoclonal antibody, alone has shown limited efficacy in preventing relapse of AAV. Targeting BAFF\/APRIL signaling pathways and their binding receptors, along with the downstream molecular pathways in targeted B cells, is essential for developing novel therapeutic strategies aimed at achieving complete and sustained AAV remission.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1890512","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T04:19:44Z","timestamp":1784607584000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["BAFF and APRIL signaling in the B-cell lineage: implications for the pathogenesis of ANCA-associated vasculitis"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Yasuhiro","family":"Shimojima","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine","place":["Fukushima, Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuhei","family":"Yoshida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine","place":["Fukushima, Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haruki","family":"Matsumoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine","place":["Fukushima, Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuya","family":"Sumichika","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine","place":["Fukushima, Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tomoyuki","family":"Asano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine","place":["Fukushima, Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuzo","family":"Sato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine","place":["Fukushima, Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/art.37715","article-title":"2012 revised International Chapel Hill Consensus Conference nomenclature of vasculitides","volume":"65","author":"Jennette","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrrheum.2014.103","article-title":"Pathogenesis of antineutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibody-mediated disease","volume":"10","author":"Jennette","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat Rev Rheumatol"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.991256","article-title":"Environmental factors influencing the risk of ANCA-associated vasculitis","volume":"13","author":"Zhao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2021-221796","article-title":"2022 American College of Rheumatology\/European Alliance of Associations for Rheumatology classification criteria for microscopic polyangiitis","volume":"81","author":"Suppiah","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2021-221795","article-title":"2022 American College of Rheumatology\/European Alliance of Associations for Rheumatology classification criteria for granulomatosis with polyangiitis","volume":"81","author":"Robson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2021-221794","article-title":"2022 American College of Rheumatology\/European Alliance of Associations for Rheumatology classification criteria for eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis","volume":"81","author":"Grayson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/dddt.s67264","article-title":"Current and emerging treatment options for ANCA-associated vasculitis: potential role of belimumab and other BAFF\/APRIL targeting agents","volume":"9","author":"Lenert","year":"2015","journal-title":"Drug Des Devel Ther"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23010387","article-title":"B lineage cells in ANCA-associated vasculitis","volume":"23","author":"Merino-Vico","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keaa432","article-title":"Skewed peripheral B- and T-cell compartments in patients with ANCA-associated vasculitis","volume":"60","author":"London","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rheumatol (Oxford)"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.41776","article-title":"2021 American College of Rheumatology\/Vasculitis Foundation guideline for the management of polyarteritis nodosa","volume":"73","author":"Chung","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1136\/ard-2022-223764","article-title":"EULAR recommendations for the management of ANCA-associated vasculitis: 2022 update","volume":"83","author":"Hellmich","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0909169","article-title":"Rituximab versus cyclophosphamide in ANCA-associated renal vasculitis","volume":"363","author":"Jones","year":"2010","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0909905","article-title":"Rituximab versus cyclophosphamide for ANCA-associated vasculitis","volume":"363","author":"Stone","year":"2010","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/mr\/roac027","article-title":"Outcome of rituximab treatment in Japanese patients with ANCA-associated vasculitis in daily clinical practice: a two-centre study in Fukushima, Japan","volume":"33","author":"Yashiro-Furuya","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mod Rheumatol"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1213277","article-title":"Efficacy of remission-induction regimens for ANCA-associated vasculitis","volume":"369","author":"Specks","year":"2013","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2019-216863","article-title":"Rituximab as therapy to induce remission after relapse in ANCA-associated vasculitis","volume":"79","author":"Smith","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1404231","article-title":"Rituximab versus azathioprine for maintenance in ANCA-associated vasculitis","volume":"371","author":"Guillevin","year":"2014","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/ard-2023-224623","article-title":"Rituximab as maintenance therapy for ANCA-associated vasculitides: pooled analysis and long-term outcome of 277 patients included in the MAINRITSAN trials","volume":"83","author":"Delestre","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/ard-2022-223559","article-title":"Rituximab versus azathioprine for maintenance of remission for patients with ANCA-associated vasculitis and relapsing disease: an international randomised controlled trial","volume":"82","author":"Smith","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.70025","article-title":"Risk factors for relapse in ANCA-associated vasculitis among patients with relapse after induction of remission with rituximab","volume":"78","author":"Romich","year":"2025","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.42388","article-title":"Autoreactive plasmablasts after B cell depletion with rituximab and relapses in antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis","volume":"75","author":"Berti","year":"2023","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smim.2006.04.004","article-title":"BAFF, APRIL and human B cell disorders","volume":"18","author":"Tangye","year":"2006","journal-title":"Semin Immunol"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2572","article-title":"Cracking the BAFF code","volume":"9","author":"Mackay","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s1359-6101(03)00023-6","article-title":"The TNF family members BAFF and APRIL: the growing complexity","volume":"14","author":"Mackay","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cytokine Growth Factor Rev"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1080\/25785826.2022.2094592","article-title":"Serum B cell activating factor (BAFF) as a biomarker for induction of remission with rituximab in ANCA-associated vasculitis","volume":"45","author":"Tsuboi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Immunol Med"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cei\/uxad024","article-title":"Features of BAFF and APRIL receptors on circulating B cells in antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis","volume":"213","author":"Shimojima","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000323393","article-title":"Serum levels of BAFF and APRIL in myeloperoxidase anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibody-associated renal vasculitis: association with disease activity","volume":"118","author":"Nagai","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nephron Clin Pract"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2017.08.013","article-title":"Increased BAFF and APRIL levels in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-related hypertrophic pachymeningitis","volume":"99","author":"Shimojima","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-020-05270-6","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid levels of BAFF and APRIL as direct indicators of disease activity in anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-related hypertrophic pachymeningitis","volume":"39","author":"Shimojima","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Rheumatol"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2011.153890","article-title":"ANCA-stimulated neutrophils release BLyS and promote B cell survival: a clinically relevant cellular process","volume":"70","author":"Holden","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"310ra166","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aab4176","article-title":"Proinflammatory GM-CSF-producing B cells in multiple sclerosis and B cell depletion therapy","volume":"7","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2009.01.007","article-title":"Critical analysis of rituximab-induced serological changes in connective tissue diseases","volume":"8","author":"Cornec","year":"2009","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2007.079418","article-title":"B cell depletion therapy in systemic lupus erythematosus: relationships among serum B lymphocyte stimulator levels, autoantibody profile and clinical response","volume":"67","author":"Cambridge","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/25785826.2024.2360664","article-title":"Clinical features of flare in Japanese patients with new-onset SLE and risk factors for SLE flare in daily clinical practice: a single-center cohort study","volume":"47","author":"Sato","year":"2024","journal-title":"Immunol Med"},{"key":"B35","first-page":"S94","article-title":"Risk factors for relapse in anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitis: tools for treatment decisions","volume":"22","author":"Sanders","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin Exp Rheumatol"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/rhu.0000000000001030","article-title":"Evaluation of PR3-ANCA status after rituximab for ANCA-associated vasculitis","volume":"25","author":"McClure","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Clin Rheumatol"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1681\/asn.2020060834","article-title":"Anti-CD20 mAb-induced B cell apoptosis generates T cell regulation of experimental myeloperoxidase ANCA-associated vasculitis","volume":"32","author":"Gan","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0018734","article-title":"Decreased numbers of blood dendritic cells and defective function of regulatory T cells in antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis","volume":"6","author":"Rimbert","year":"2011","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2019.11.010","article-title":"Reduced activated regulatory T cells and imbalance of Th17\/activated Treg cells marks renal involvement in ANCA-associated vasculitis","volume":"118","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol Immunol"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.789740","article-title":"Oxidative stress promotes instability of regulatory T cells in antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis","volume":"12","author":"Shimojima","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2019.04.011","article-title":"T follicular helper cell biology: a decade of discovery and diseases","volume":"50","author":"Crotty","year":"2019","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/ket406","article-title":"Circulating T follicular helper cell and regulatory T cell frequencies are influenced by B cell depletion in patients with granulomatosis with polyangiitis","volume":"53","author":"Zhao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Rheumatol (Oxford)"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2008.191","article-title":"Analysis and classification of B-cell infiltrates in lupus and ANCA-associated nephritis","volume":"74","author":"Steinmetz","year":"2008","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/8421479","article-title":"Imbalance of circulatory T follicular helper and T follicular regulatory cells in patients with ANCA-associated vasculitis","volume":"2019","author":"Xu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mediators Inflammation"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R70","DOI":"10.1186\/ar4247","article-title":"Increased frequency of circulating IL-21 producing Th-cells in patients with granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA)","volume":"15","author":"Abdulahad","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arthritis Res Ther"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00296-019-04364-y","article-title":"Cytokine profiling in anti neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis: a cross-sectional cohort study","volume":"39","author":"Hoffmann","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rheumatol Int"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-031210-101400","article-title":"Follicular helper CD4 T cells (TFH)","volume":"29","author":"Crotty","year":"2011","journal-title":"Annu Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kev293","article-title":"Toll-like receptor 9 activation enhances B cell activating factor and interleukin-21 induced anti-proteinase 3 autoantibody production in vitro","volume":"55","author":"Lepse","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rheumatol (Oxford)"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keq375","article-title":"Bacterial DNA motifs trigger ANCA production in ANCA-associated vasculitis in remission","volume":"50","author":"Tadema","year":"2011","journal-title":"Rheumatol (Oxford)"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.3109\/08830185.2013.818140","article-title":"B-cell receptor signaling inhibitors for treatment of autoimmune inflammatory diseases and B-cell Malignancies","volume":"32","author":"Puri","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1998","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keac524","article-title":"Down-regulated Fc\u03b3RII expression on plasma cells is associated with the disease activity of ANCA-associated vasculitis","volume":"62","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Rheumatol (Oxford)"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cei\/uxae096","article-title":"Circulating B cells display differential immune regulatory molecule expression in granulomatosis with polyangiitis","volume":"219","author":"Bonasia","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2567.2005.02162.x","article-title":"Inhibition of immunoglobulin E synthesis through Fc gammaRII (CD32) by a mechanism independent of B-cell receptor co-cross-linking","volume":"115","author":"Horejs-Hoeck","year":"2005","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41584-019-0211-0","article-title":"B cell checkpoints in autoimmune rheumatic diseases","volume":"15","author":"Rubin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Rev Rheumatol"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1002\/art.42321","article-title":"Syk activation in circulating and tissue innate immune cells in antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis","volume":"75","author":"Prendecki","year":"2023","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2019.12.014","article-title":"Spleen tyrosine kinase inhibition is an effective treatment for established vasculitis in a pre-clinical model","volume":"97","author":"McAdoo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ekir.2020.11.016","article-title":"Circulating B cells, plasma cells, and treg associate with ANCA levels in ANCA-associated vasculitis","volume":"6","author":"Manrique","year":"2021","journal-title":"Kidney Int Rep"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cei.13058","article-title":"Alterations in circulating lymphoid cell populations in systemic small vessel vasculitis are non-specific manifestations of renal injury","volume":"191","author":"Fazekas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/ard-2024-225587","article-title":"Defects in B-lymphopoiesis and B-cell maturation underlie prolonged B-cell depletion in ANCA-associated vasculitis","volume":"83","author":"Thiel","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keu149","article-title":"Altered B cell balance, but unaffected B cell capacity to limit monocyte activation in anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis in remission","volume":"53","author":"Lepse","year":"2014","journal-title":"Rheumatol (Oxford)"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.150999","article-title":"Circulating autoreactive proteinase 3+ B cells and tolerance checkpoints in ANCA-associated vasculitis","volume":"6","author":"Berti","year":"2021","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.02221","article-title":"CD27+CD38hi B cell frequency during remission predicts relapsing disease in granulomatosis with polyangiitis patients","volume":"10","author":"von Borstel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-016-0978-1","article-title":"Regulatory and effector B cell cytokine production in patients with relapsing granulomatosis with polyangiitis","volume":"18","author":"Land","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arthritis Res Ther"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keu136","article-title":"Regulatory B cells are numerically but not functionally deficient in anti-neutrophil cytoplasm antibody-associated vasculitis","volume":"53","author":"Todd","year":"2014","journal-title":"Rheumatol (Oxford)"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-022-02796-9","article-title":"Increased frequency of IgD-CD27(hi)CD38(hi) B cells and its association with the renal involvement in ANCA-associated vasculitis","volume":"24","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Arthritis Res Ther"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2012-202986","article-title":"Regulatory B cells in ANCA-associated vasculitis","volume":"72","author":"Wilde","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cei.12483","article-title":"Reduced CD5(+) CD24(hi) CD38(hi) and interleukin-10(+) regulatory B cells in active anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibody-associated vasculitis permit increased circulating autoantibodies","volume":"180","author":"Aybar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1093\/cei\/uxad021","article-title":"Regulatory B cells are reduced in the blood in patients with granulomatosis with polyangiitis, and fail to regulate T-cell IFN-\u03b3 production","volume":"213","author":"Appelgren","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/8209737","article-title":"Increased frequencies of switched memory B cells and plasmablasts in peripheral blood from patients with ANCA-associated vasculitis","volume":"2020","author":"Elm\u00e9r","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Immunol Res"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.566732","article-title":"Highly sensitive flow cytometric detection of residual B-cells after rituximab in anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies-associated vasculitis patients","volume":"11","author":"van Dam","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2017.08.006","article-title":"Identification and phenotyping of circulating autoreactive proteinase 3-specific B cells in patients with PR3-ANCA associated vasculitis and healthy controls","volume":"84","author":"Cornec","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Autoimmun"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1582","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-56786-x","article-title":"Anti-myeloperoxidase IgM B cells in anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis","volume":"16","author":"Wortel","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1007\/s12016-025-09021-w","article-title":"Age-associated B cells in autoimmune diseases: pathogenesis and clinical implications","volume":"68","author":"Xie","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clin Rev Allergy Immunol"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-022-04433-9","article-title":"Age-associated B cells in autoimmune diseases","volume":"79","author":"Mouat","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Mol Life Sci"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/imm.13598","article-title":"Characterization of age-associated B cells in early drug-na\u00efve rheumatoid arthritis patients","volume":"168","author":"Vidal-Pedrola","year":"2023","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2025.103433","article-title":"The role of age-associated B cells in systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"154","author":"Su","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Autoimmun"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-092419-031130","article-title":"Age-associated B cells","volume":"38","author":"Cancro","year":"2020","journal-title":"Annu Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2011-01-331462","article-title":"Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7)-driven accumulation of a novel CD11c+ B-cell population is important for the development of autoimmunity","volume":"118","author":"Rubtsov","year":"2011","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2015.04.005","article-title":"Regulatory B cells: origin, phenotype, and function","volume":"42","author":"Rosser","year":"2015","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellsig.2024.111201","article-title":"Past and present discovery of the BAFF\/APRIL system - A bibliometric study from 1999 to 2023","volume":"120","author":"Balasubramaniam","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Signal"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.21.120601.141152","article-title":"BAFF AND APRIL: a tutorial on B cell survival","volume":"21","author":"Mackay","year":"2003","journal-title":"Annu Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.173.2.807","article-title":"B cell-activating factor belonging to the TNF family (BAFF)-R is the principal BAFF receptor facilitating BAFF costimulation of circulating T and B cells","volume":"173","author":"Ng","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.183400","article-title":"BAFF promotes follicular helper T cell development and germinal center formation through BR3 signal","volume":"9","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2005.08.004","article-title":"BAFF is elevated in serum of patients with Wegener's granulomatosis","volume":"25","author":"Krumbholz","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Autoimmun"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2005.046219","article-title":"Plasma levels of soluble interleukin 2 receptor, soluble CD30, interleukin 10 and B cell activator of the tumour necrosis factor family during follow-up in vasculitis associated with proteinase 3-antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies: associations with disease activity and relapse","volume":"65","author":"Sanders","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"B86","article-title":"Increased levels of BLyS and sVCAM-1 in anti-neutrophil cytoplasmatic antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitides (AAV)","volume":"28","author":"Schneeweis","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Exp Rheumatol"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-010-1526-z","article-title":"B-lymphocyte activating factor levels are increased in patients with Wegener's granulomatosis and inversely correlated with ANCA titer","volume":"29","author":"Bader","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Rheumatol"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1756-185x.14262","article-title":"Increased gene expression of B cell-activating factor of tumor necrosis factor family, in remitting antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis patients","volume":"25","author":"Jha","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Rheum Dis"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-020-04971-2","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers implicated in the pathogenesis of anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-related hypertrophic pachymeningitis","volume":"39","author":"Ikeda","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Rheumatol"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2023.103338","article-title":"Hypertrophic pachymeningitis in ANCA-associated vasculitis: Clinical and immunopathological features and insights","volume":"22","author":"Shimojima","year":"2023","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kes123","article-title":"Granulomatosis with polyangiitis involves sustained mucosal inflammation that is rich in B-cell survival factors and autoantigen","volume":"51","author":"Zhao","year":"2012","journal-title":"Rheumatol (Oxford)"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2012-202071","article-title":"Serum levels of BAFF, but not APRIL, are increased after rituximab treatment in patients with primary Sjogren's syndrome: data from a placebo-controlled clinical trial","volume":"72","author":"Pollard","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R167","DOI":"10.1186\/ar2076","article-title":"Differential effects on BAFF and APRIL levels in rituximab-treated patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"8","author":"Vallerskog","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arthritis Res Ther"},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2015.09.015","article-title":"Activation of LXR attenuates collagen-induced arthritis via suppressing BLyS production","volume":"161","author":"Huang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Immunol"},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/8042097","article-title":"Chlorogenic acid inhibits BAFF expression in collagen-induced arthritis and human synoviocyte MH7A cells by modulating the activation of the NF-\u03baB signaling pathway","volume":"2019","author":"Fu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Immunol Res"},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1586158","article-title":"Impact of NF-\u03baB and reactive oxygen species on intracellular BAFF\/APRIL expression in ANCA-associated vasculitis: focusing on the effect of resveratrol","volume":"16","author":"Shimojima","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2008.101279","article-title":"Modification and validation of the birmingham vasculitis activity score (version 3)","volume":"68","author":"Mukhtyar","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MAJ.0b013e3182a55ab6","article-title":"Serum B-cell activating factor in myeloperoxiase-antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies-associated vasculitis","volume":"348","author":"Xin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Med Sci"},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cytogfr.2013.04.003","article-title":"The BAFF\/APRIL system: emerging functions beyond B cell biology and autoimmunity","volume":"24","author":"Vincent","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cytokine Growth Factor Rev"},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smim.2006.04.006","article-title":"BAFF, APRIL and their receptors: structure, function and signaling","volume":"18","author":"Bossen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Semin Immunol"},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/bi048227k","article-title":"Selectivity of BAFF\/BLyS and APRIL for binding to the TNF family receptors BAFFR\/BR3 and BCMA","volume":"44","author":"Day","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2021.06.008","article-title":"BAFF receptor polymorphisms and deficiency in humans","volume":"71","author":"Sevdali","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr Opin Immunol"},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2013.01.046","article-title":"B-cell biology and development","volume":"131","author":"Pieper","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.02285","article-title":"BAFF and BAFF-receptor in B cell selection and survival","volume":"9","author":"Smulski","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.179.4.2282","article-title":"TACI is required for efficient plasma cell differentiation in response to T-independent type 2 antigens","volume":"179","author":"Mantchev","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20031330","article-title":"BCMA is essential for the survival of long-lived bone marrow plasma cells","volume":"199","author":"O'Connor","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7106","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-62530-2","article-title":"B cell maturation antigen (BCMA) is dispensable for the survival of long-lived plasma cells","volume":"16","author":"Menzel","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.180.6.3655","article-title":"Cutting edge: the dependence of plasma cells and independence of memory B cells on BAFF and APRIL","volume":"180","author":"Benson","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1061965","article-title":"BAFF-R, a newly identified TNF receptor that specifically interacts with BAFF","volume":"293","author":"Thompson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1001120","article-title":"The structure of the TNFRSF13C promoter enables differential expression of BAFF-R during B cell ontogeny and terminal differentiation","volume":"185","author":"Mihalcik","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1899","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-46053-w","article-title":"Distinct transcriptomes and autocrine cytokines underpin maturation and survival of antibody-secreting cells in systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"15","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/ar4490","article-title":"Plasma cells within granulomatous inflammation display signs pointing to autoreactivity and destruction in granulomatosis with polyangiitis","volume":"16","author":"Mueller","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arthritis Res Ther"},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-025-03937-8","article-title":"Co-infusion of CD19-targeting and BCMA-targeting CAR-T cells for treatment-refractory systemic lupus erythematosus: a phase 1 trial","volume":"31","author":"Feng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.165.3.1322","article-title":"TNF receptor family member BCMA (B cell maturation) associates with TNF receptor-associated factor (TRAF) 1, TRAF2, and TRAF3 and activates NF-kappa B, elk-1, c-Jun N-terminal kinase, and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase","volume":"165","author":"Hatzoglou","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.278.5335.138","article-title":"NF-AT activation induced by a CAML-interacting member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily","volume":"278","author":"von B\u00fclow","year":"1997","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2023.103133","article-title":"Targeting NF-\u03baB signaling in B cells as a potential new treatment modality for ANCA-associated vasculitis","volume":"142","author":"Merino-Vico","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Autoimmun"},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbagrm.2010.05.004","article-title":"Inhibiting NF-\u03baB activation by small molecules as a therapeutic strategy","volume":"1799","author":"Gupta","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta"},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2003.019125","article-title":"Urinary bladder cancer in Wegener's granulomatosis: risks and relation to cyclophosphamide","volume":"63","author":"Knight","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.20605","article-title":"Ovarian reserve diminished by oral cyclophosphamide therapy for granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegener's)","volume":"63","author":"Clowse","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken)"},{"key":"B120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/m19-3827","article-title":"Long-term rituximab use to maintain remission of antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis: a randomized trial","volume":"173","author":"Charles","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"B121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2021.102089","article-title":"Rituximab and obinutuzumab differentially hijack the B cell receptor and NOTCH1 signaling pathways","volume":"24","author":"Edelmann","year":"2021","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"B122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2021-220920","article-title":"B-cell depletion with obinutuzumab for the treatment of proliferative lupus nephritis: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"81","author":"Furie","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"B123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2023-083277","article-title":"Study protocol for a randomised, phase II, double-blind, experimental medicine study of obinutuzumab versus rituximab in ANCA-associated vasculitis: ObiVas","volume":"14","author":"McGovern","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"B124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keab916","article-title":"Obinutuzumab as treatment for ANCA-associated vasculitis","volume":"61","author":"Amudala","year":"2022","journal-title":"Rheumatol (Oxford)"},{"key":"B125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1624234","article-title":"Reduced-dose obinutuzumab induces remission in refractory ANCA-associated vasculitis: a report of 16 cases","volume":"16","author":"Wu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ekir.2025.04.026","article-title":"Obinutuzumab for relapsing myeloperoxidase-antineutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibody-associated glomerulonephritis","volume":"10","author":"Cammarata","year":"2025","journal-title":"Kidney Int Rep"},{"key":"B127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2015-207947","article-title":"Bortezomib in refractory ANCA-associated vasculitis: a new option","volume":"75","author":"Novikov","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"B128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1681\/asn.2010010034","article-title":"Myeloperoxidase-specific plasma cell depletion by bortezomib protects from anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibodies-induced glomerulonephritis","volume":"22","author":"Bontscho","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"B129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-022-02017-5","article-title":"Anti-CD19 CAR T cell therapy for refractory systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"28","author":"Mackensen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"B130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1136\/ard-2023-224875","article-title":"CD19-targeting CAR T cells protect from ANCA-induced acute kidney injury","volume":"83","author":"Lodka","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"B131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ard.2025.01.008","article-title":"Anti-CD19 CAR T cell therapy induces antibody seroconversion and complete B cell depletion in the bone marrow of a therapy-refractory patient with ANCA-associated vasculitis","volume":"84","author":"Minopoulou","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"B132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ard.2025.04.029","article-title":"Effective use of anti-CD19 chimeric antigen receptor T cells in a case of treatment-resistant granulomatosis with polyangiitis","volume":"84","author":"Uhlmann","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"B133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ekir.2025.05.016","article-title":"Point-of-care anti-CD19-CAR T-cell therapy induces renal remission in refractory myeloperoxidase-antineutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibody-associated vasculitis","volume":"10","author":"Schultze-Florey","year":"2025","journal-title":"Kidney Int Rep"},{"key":"B134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-015-0551-3","article-title":"Long-lived plasma cells are early and constantly generated in New Zealand Black\/New Zealand White F1 mice and their therapeutic depletion requires a combined targeting of autoreactive plasma cells and their precursors","volume":"17","author":"Taddeo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arthritis Res Ther"},{"key":"B135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2011-200831","article-title":"Effects of belimumab, a B lymphocyte stimulator-specific inhibitor, on disease activity across multiple organ domains in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: combined results from two phase III trials","volume":"71","author":"Manzi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"B136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.1074044","article-title":"Clinical response trajectories and drug persistence in systemic lupus erythematosus patients on belimumab treatment: a real-life, multicentre observational study","volume":"13","author":"Nikoloudaki","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1136\/ard-2023-224762","article-title":"EULAR recommendations for the management of systemic lupus erythematosus: 2023 update","volume":"83","author":"Fanouriakis","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"B138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.40802","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of belimumab and azathioprine for maintenance of remission in antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis: a randomized controlled study","volume":"71","author":"Jayne","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol"},{"key":"B139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.34400","article-title":"Belimumab reduces autoantibodies, normalizes low complement levels, and reduces select B cell populations in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"64","author":"Stohl","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"B140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1186\/s13063-023-07218-y","article-title":"A randomised study of rituximab and belimumab sequential therapy in PR3 ANCA-associated vasculitis (COMBIVAS): design of the study protocol","volume":"24","author":"McClure","year":"2023","journal-title":"Trials"},{"key":"B141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2414719","article-title":"A phase 3 trial of telitacicept for systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"393","author":"van Vollenhoven","year":"2025","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kead265","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of telitacicept in primary Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 2 trial","volume":"63","author":"Xu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Rheumatol (Oxford)"},{"key":"B143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1169084","article-title":"Telitacicept for autoimmune nephropathy","volume":"14","author":"Cai","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1298650","article-title":"Combination treatment with telitacicept, cyclophosphamide and glucocorticoids for severe granulomatous polyangiitis: a case report and literature review","volume":"14","author":"Huang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri.2017.19","article-title":"Mechanisms of central tolerance for B cells","volume":"17","author":"Nemazee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s1074-7613(00)80029-1","article-title":"Negative selection of immature B cells by receptor editing or deletion is determined by site of antigen encounter","volume":"10","author":"Sandel","year":"1999","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5415\/apallergy.0000000000000128","article-title":"Immunological mechanisms of tolerance: central, peripheral and the role of T and B cells","volume":"13","author":"Meng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Asia Pac Allergy"},{"key":"B148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2010.222216","article-title":"B-cell-activating factor in rituximab-treated patients with anti-MAG polyneuropathy","volume":"82","author":"Benedetti","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Immunology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1890512\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T04:19:45Z","timestamp":1784607585000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1890512\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]]},"references-count":148,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1890512"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1890512","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-3224"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-3224","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]]},"article-number":"1890512"}}