{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T11:10:12Z","timestamp":1788952212435,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788912000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>Streptococcus iniae<\/jats:italic>\n                      is an important bacterial pathogen of cultured fish, but its pathological effects and the host responses it induces in hybrid sturgeon remain poorly understood. This study investigated an acute disease outbreak in 4-month-old hybrid sturgeon (\n                      <jats:italic>Acipenser baerii<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2640 \u00d7\n                      <jats:italic>Acipenser schrenckii<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2642) during a high-temperature period and examined the transcriptional responses of the liver and spleen using a separate controlled challenge experiment.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A dominant \u03b2-hemolytic bacterial isolate was recovered from multiple internal organs of naturally diseased fish and identified using phenotypic characterization, 16S rRNA gene sequencing and phylogenetic analysis, and a species-specific PCR assay targeting the\n                      <jats:italic>lctO<\/jats:italic>\n                      gene. Histopathology and transmission electron microscopy were used to characterize tissue and subcellular alterations. In the controlled challenge, liver and spleen samples were collected at 48 h post-injection and analyzed using PacBio single-molecule real-time and Illumina RNA sequencing.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Affected fish exhibited abnormal swimming, a swollen and hyperemic anus, and pronounced gas and fluid accumulation in the spiral valve intestine and swim bladder. The isolate was identified as\n                      <jats:italic>S. iniae<\/jats:italic>\n                      . Histopathological examination revealed hepatic congestion and necrosis, splenic white pulp atrophy, intestinal mucosal exfoliation, myocarditis, and gill injury. Transmission electron microscopy showed coccoid bacterial structures in several tissues, together with mitochondrial swelling, cristae disruption, microvillar damage, and autophagosome-like structures. PacBio sequencing generated 120,215 non-redundant transcripts, with 94.4% completeness according to BUSCO analysis, providing a full-length transcript reference for short-read expression analysis. Gene set enrichment analysis showed negative enrichment of the fat digestion and absorption pathway and positive enrichment of the apoptosis pathway in the liver. In the spleen, the Toll and Imd and IL-17 signaling pathways were positively enriched. RT-qPCR analysis of eight selected transcripts showed expression directions consistent with the RNA-seq results.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      These findings characterize the pathological features of\n                      <jats:italic>S. iniae<\/jats:italic>\n                      -associated disease in hybrid sturgeon and provide a transcript-level view of the liver and spleen responses following controlled experimental challenge.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1893463","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T10:16:30Z","timestamp":1788948990000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A Streptococcus iniae-associated outbreak in hybrid sturgeon (Acipenser baerii \u2640 \u00d7 Acipenser schrenckii \u2642): pathological features and transcriptomic responses to experimental challenge"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Luyun","family":"Ni","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Fisheries Research Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences (Sichuan Fisheries Research Institute)","place":["Chengdu, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hangyu","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fisheries Research Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences (Sichuan Fisheries Research Institute)","place":["Chengdu, China"]},{"name":"College of Fisheries, Southwest University","place":["Chongqing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuzhen","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fisheries Research Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences (Sichuan Fisheries Research Institute)","place":["Chengdu, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pengcheng","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fisheries Research Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences (Sichuan Fisheries Research Institute)","place":["Chengdu, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yeyu","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fisheries Research Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences (Sichuan Fisheries Research Institute)","place":["Chengdu, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fisheries Research Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences (Sichuan Fisheries Research Institute)","place":["Chengdu, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiansheng","family":"Lai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fisheries Research Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences (Sichuan Fisheries Research Institute)","place":["Chengdu, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ya","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fisheries Research Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences (Sichuan Fisheries Research Institute)","place":["Chengdu, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-2979.2005.00190.x","article-title":"Status, trends and management of sturgeon and paddlefish fisheries","volume":"6","author":"Pikitch","year":"2005","journal-title":"Fish Fish"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0426.2004.00593.x","article-title":"Status of sturgeon aquaculture and sturgeon trade in China: a review based on two recent nationwide surveys","volume":"20","author":"Wei","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Appl Ichthyol"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/raq.70112","article-title":"Global warming affects the pathogenesis of important fish diseases in European aquaculture","volume":"18","author":"Rigos","year":"2026","journal-title":"Rev Aquacult"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.46784\/e-avm.v12i1.34","article-title":"Sturgeon diseases in aquaculture","volume":"12","author":"Radosavljevi\u0107","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arch Veterinary Med"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.20935\/AcadBiol7814","article-title":"Microbial pathogens in aquaculture: a review of emerging threats","volume":"3","author":"Gundi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Academia Biol"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1080\/23144599.2024.2348408","article-title":"Streptococcus iniae in aquaculture: a review of pathogenesis, virulence, and antibiotic resistance","volume":"12","author":"Ju\u00e1rez-Cort\u00e9s","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Vet Sci Med"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2003.09.021","article-title":"Growth, chemical composition and resistance to Streptococcus iniae challenge of juvenile Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fed graded levels of dietary inositol","volume":"235","author":"Peres","year":"2004","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2018.04.015","article-title":"Isolation and pathogenicity of Streptococcus iniae in offshore cage-cultured Trachinotus ovatus in China","volume":"492","author":"Guo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0044-8486(02)00633-6","article-title":"Streptococcus iniae infection and tissue distribution in hybrid striped bass (Morone chrysops\u00d7Morone saxatilis) following inoculation of the gills","volume":"220","author":"McNulty","year":"2003","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3354\/dao062177","article-title":"Streptococcus iniae type II infections in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss","volume":"62","author":"Lahav","year":"2004","journal-title":"Dis Aquat Organ"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.43.2.933-937.2005","article-title":"Identification and characterization of sporadic isolates of Streptococcus iniae isolated from humans","volume":"43","author":"Facklam","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/are.12934","article-title":"Outbreaks of Streptococcosis associated with Streptococcus iniae in Siberian sturgeon (Acipenser baerii) in China","volume":"48","author":"Deng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Aquac Res"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1931","DOI":"10.17582\/journal.pjz\/20190209200236","article-title":"Streptococcus iniae: a growing threat and causative agent of disease outbreak in farmed Chinese sturgeon (Acipenser sinensis)","volume":"52","author":"Muhammad","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pak J Zool"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12101\/j.issn.1004-390X(n).202002024","article-title":"Isolation, identification and susceptibilities of hybrid sturgeon Streptococcus iniae","volume":"35","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Yunnan Agric Univ (Natural Science)"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-2920.2007.01390.x","article-title":"Heterotrophic symbionts of phototrophic consortia: members of a novel diverse cluster of Betaproteobacteria characterized by a tandem rrn operon structure","volume":"9","author":"Pfannes","year":"2007","journal-title":"Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2004.03.012","article-title":"Development of a PCR assay for Streptococcus iniae based on the lactate oxidase (lctO) gene with potential diagnostic value","volume":"101","author":"Mata","year":"2004","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/mdr.2017.0367","article-title":"Combined effects and cross-interactions of different antibiotics and polypeptides in Salmonella bredeney","volume":"24","author":"Ju","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microb Drug Resist"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41587-019-0217-9","article-title":"Accurate circular consensus long-read sequencing improves variant detection and assembly of a human genome","volume":"37","author":"Wenger","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Biotechnol"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/bts565","article-title":"CD-HIT: accelerated for clustering the next-generation sequencing data","volume":"28","author":"Fu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msab199","article-title":"BUSCO update: Novel and streamlined workflows along with broader and deeper phylogenetic coverage for scoring of eukaryotic, prokaryotic, and viral genomes","volume":"38","author":"Manni","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol Biol Evol"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41592-021-01101-x","article-title":"Sensitive protein alignments at tree-of-life scale using DIAMOND","volume":"18","author":"Buchfink","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Methods"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/bty560","article-title":"fastp: an ultra-fast all-in-one FASTQ preprocessor","volume":"34","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2105-12-323","article-title":"RSEM: accurate transcript quantification from RNA-Seq data with or without a reference genome","volume":"12","author":"Li","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMC Bioinf"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13059-014-0550-8","article-title":"Moderated estimation of fold change and dispersion for RNA-seq data with DESeq2","volume":"15","author":"Love","year":"2014","journal-title":"Genome Biol"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0506580102","article-title":"Gene set enrichment analysis: a knowledge-based approach for interpreting genome-wide expression profiles","volume":"102","author":"Subramanian","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-012-0774-7","article-title":"Stability of endogenous reference genes in postmortem human brains for normalization of quantitative real-time PCR data: comprehensive evaluation using geNorm, NormFinder, and BestKeeper","volume":"126","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Legal Med"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/meth.2001.1262","article-title":"Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2\u2011\u0394\u0394CT method","volume":"25","author":"Livak","year":"2001","journal-title":"Methods"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0426.2011.01669.x","article-title":"Sturgeon aquaculture in China: progress, strategies and prospects assessed on the basis of nation\u2010wide surveys (2007\u20132009)","volume":"27","author":"Wei","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Appl Ichthyol"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jai.13870","article-title":"Sturgeon meat and caviar production: Global update 2017","volume":"35","author":"Bronzi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Appl Ichthyol"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocon.2010.06.008","article-title":"Global warming impacts and conservation responses for the critically endangered European Atlantic sturgeon","volume":"143","author":"Lassalle","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biol Conserv"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jwas.12853","article-title":"Responses of aquaculture fish to climate change\u2010induced extreme temperatures: A review","volume":"53","author":"Islam","year":"2022","journal-title":"J World Aquacult Soc"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-812211-2.00035-4","article-title":"Streptococcosis","volume-title":"Aquaculture Pathophysiology. Volume I: Finfish Diseases","author":"Wang","year":"2022"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12681\/jhvms.15174","article-title":"Streptococcal infections of farmed fish","volume":"55","author":"Athanassopoulou","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Hell Vet Med Soc"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/S0044-8486(01)00667-6","article-title":"Ecological investigation of Streptococcus iniae in cultured Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) using selective isolation procedures","volume":"205","author":"Nguyen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2761.2010.01191.x","article-title":"First report of Streptococcus iniae in red porgy (Pagrus pagrus, L.)","volume":"33","author":"El Aamri","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Fish Dis"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.00642-12","article-title":"Innate immune response to Streptococcus iniae infection in zebrafish larvae","volume":"81","author":"Harvie","year":"2013","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2007.03.002","article-title":"Streptococcus iniae: an aquatic pathogen of global veterinary significance and a challenging candidate for reliable vaccination","volume":"122","author":"Agnew","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10050883","article-title":"Isolation and genetic characterization of Streptococcus iniae virulence factors in Adriatic sturgeon (Acipenser naccarii)","volume":"10","author":"Colussi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-021-15501-1","article-title":"The potential risk of antibiotic resistance of Streptococcus iniae in sturgeon cultivation in Sichuan, China","volume":"28","author":"Feng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ Sci pollut R"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/cmr.15.4.613-630.2002","article-title":"What happened to the streptococci: overview of taxonomic and nomenclature changes","volume":"15","author":"Facklam","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.70.7.3904-3914.2002","article-title":"Streptococcus-zebrafish model of bacterial pathogenesis","volume":"70","author":"Neely","year":"2002","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2006.02.046","article-title":"Characterization of Streptococcus iniae isolated from ornamental cyprinid fishes and development of challenge models","volume":"256","author":"Russo","year":"2006","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2020.06.020","article-title":"Low lethal doses of Streptococcus iniae caused enteritis in Siberian sturgeon (Acipenser baerii)","volume":"104","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immun"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jfd.14149","article-title":"Impact of Streptococcus iniae infection on gut microbiome diversity and immune response in four\u2010finger threadfin (Eleutheronema tetradactylum)","volume":"48","author":"Patige Madhusudhan","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Fish Dis"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3032\u201340","DOI":"10.13057\/biodiv\/d250924","article-title":"Investigation of streptococcosis (Streptococcus iniae) as a cause of popeye and hemorrhagic disease in tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam","volume":"25","author":"Trung","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biodiversitas: J Biol Diversity"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jfd.70031","article-title":"First report of Streptococcus iniae infection in cultured spotted scat (Scatophagus argus) in Thailand","volume":"49","author":"Suyapoh","year":"2026","journal-title":"J Fish Dis"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.11964\/jfc.20200512268","article-title":"Diagnosis and pathological lesions of the co-infection of Streptococcus iniae and acipenserid herpesvirus 2 in Acipenser baerii","volume":"44","author":"Cheng","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Fisheries China"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19010245","article-title":"Transcriptome analysis based on RNA-Seq in understanding pathogenic mechanisms of diseases and the immune system of fish: a comprehensive review","volume":"19","author":"Sudhagar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms17081315","article-title":"De novo transcriptome analysis of differential functional gene expression in largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) after challenge with Nocardia seriolae","volume":"17","author":"Byadgi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11033-013-2667-3","article-title":"Transcriptome profiling and digital gene expression analysis of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) infected by Streptococcus agalactiae","volume":"40","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol Biol Rep"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2025.743551","article-title":"Transcriptome\u2013metabolome integration uncovers immune\u2013metabolic defense mechanisms in Cynoglossus semilaevis against bacterial infections","volume":"614","author":"Li","year":"2026","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2023.108643","article-title":"Transcriptome analysis of liver, gill and intestine in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) symptomatically or asymptomatically infected with Vibrio Anguillarum","volume":"135","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immun"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2020.01.060","article-title":"Characterization and expression analysis of rockfish (Sebastes schlegelii) myeloid differentiation factor-88 (SsMyD88) and evaluation of its ability to induce inflammatory cytokines through NF-\u0138B","volume":"99","author":"Shanaka","year":"2020","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immun"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dci.2021.104070","article-title":"Genome-wide identification of interleukin-17 (IL-17) \/ interleukin-17 receptor (IL- 17R) in turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) and expression pattern analysis after Vibrio anguillarum infection","volume":"121","author":"Xue","year":"2021","journal-title":"Dev Comp Immunol"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsirep.2021.100042","article-title":"Genomic structure and molecular characterization of NLRC3-like from Siberian sturgeon (Acipenser baerii) and expression response to Streptococcus iniae and pathogen-associated molecular patterns","volume":"2","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol Rep"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Immunology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1893463\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T10:16:35Z","timestamp":1788948995000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1893463\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]]},"references-count":55,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1893463"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1893463","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-3224"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-3224","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]]},"article-number":"1893463"}}