{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]],"date-time":"2026-07-13T05:04:46Z","timestamp":1783919086328,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]],"date-time":"2026-07-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783900800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Early developmental stages of teleost fish represent vulnerable phases of the life cycle, characterized by exposure to fluctuating abiotic and biotic environmental conditions. Immune system maturation is gradual, beginning with reliance on maternally transferred immune factors, followed by activation of the innate immune system and culminating in the establishment of adaptive immunity. Recent studies in common carp (\n                    <jats:italic>Cyprinus carpio<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) have identified a novel family of cytidine deaminases termed Secreted Novel AID\/APOBEC-like Deaminases (SNAD1s). Although their biological functions remain unknown, preliminary evidence suggests that\n                    <jats:italic>snad1<\/jats:italic>\n                    genes may participate in immune- and stress-related processes. In the present study, we analyzed the expression of 13\n                    <jats:italic>snad1<\/jats:italic>\n                    genes during embryonic and early larval development of common carp. Twelve of the thirteen genes (excluding\n                    <jats:italic>snad_506<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) exhibited significant stage-dependent variation in expression and formed four distinct temporal expression patterns. Four paralogous genes (\n                    <jats:italic>snad_318<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>snad_800<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>snad_835<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>snad_810<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) were maternally expressed, suggesting deposition in the oocyte and potential involvement in early developmental regulation. In contrast,\n                    <jats:italic>snad_409<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>snad_208<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>snad_962<\/jats:italic>\n                    displayed delayed post-zygotic activation, with increased expression observed during later developmental stages coinciding with post-hatching maturation of immune-related physiological processes and establishment of host defense mechanisms. Comparative analysis of publicly available RNA-seq datasets confirmed conserved\n                    <jats:italic>snad1<\/jats:italic>\n                    expression dynamics across independent studies and methodological approaches. This study provides the first comprehensive overview of developmental\n                    <jats:italic>snad1<\/jats:italic>\n                    gene expression during vertebrate ontogeny. The dynamic and stage-dependent expression of\n                    <jats:italic>snad1<\/jats:italic>\n                    genes reveals distinct developmental regulation patterns and highlights substantial heterogeneity within the carp\n                    <jats:italic>snad1<\/jats:italic>\n                    gene family during ontogeny.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1893787","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]],"date-time":"2026-07-13T04:23:10Z","timestamp":1783916590000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Developmental expression of immune-associated secreted novel AID\/APOBEC-like deaminases (SNAD1s) in common carp (Cyprinus carpio)"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Anna Ma\u0142gorzata","family":"Majewska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Gamete Biology Team, InLife Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences","place":["Olsztyn, Poland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Rebl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Working Group Fish Genetics","place":["Dummerstorf, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariola","family":"Dietrich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gamete Biology Team, InLife Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences","place":["Olsztyn, Poland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tom\u00e1\u0161","family":"Koryt\u00e1\u0159","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Fish Immunology, Institute of Parasitology Biology Centre","place":["Czech Academy of Sciences, Ceske Budejovice, Czechia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ji\u0159\u00ed","family":"Kysl\u00edk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Fish Immunology, Institute of Parasitology Biology Centre","place":["Czech Academy of Sciences, Ceske Budejovice, Czechia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Veronika","family":"Pia\u010dkov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, University of South Bohemia","place":["\u010cesk\u00e9 Bud\u011bjovice, Czechia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roman","family":"Fran\u011bk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, University of South Bohemia","place":["\u010cesk\u00e9 Bud\u011bjovice, Czechia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrzej","family":"Ciereszko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gamete Biology Team, InLife Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences","place":["Olsztyn, Poland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miko\u0142aj","family":"Adamek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fish Disease Research Unit, Institute for Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine","place":["Hannover, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1007\/s10499-025-02144-z","article-title":"Boosting hatchery success: effective live feed and microdiet protocols for larval rearing efficiency","volume":"33","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Aquacult 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