{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T11:22:16Z","timestamp":1788434536497,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788393600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>Mycobacterium tuberculosis<\/jats:italic>\n                      infects nearly a quarter of the world population, while SARS-CoV-2 has infected hundreds of millions in recent years. The cellular and genetic impact of this coinfection remains unclear.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Using a murine model, we studied SARS-CoV-2 superinfection during acute and chronic stages of high dose tuberculosis (TB).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In acute TB, coinfection increased mortality associated with higher brain viral loads. During chronic TB, survival improved slightly without affecting brain infection. Interestingly, histopathology showed disorganized inflammatory responses in co-infected mice versus granuloma-like structures in TB alone. Spatial transcriptomics revealed expanded B cell populations and upregulation of immunoglobulin-associated genes, as well as an absence of distinct Tcell clusters, consistent with a relative prominence of humoral immune signatures in chronic TB. Notably, SARS-CoV-2 infection produced bronchial inflammation dominated by innate immune cells, like acute TB but unlike the infiltration of foamy macrophage during chronic TB.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Overall, SARS-CoV-2 coinfection was associated with a distinct pulmonary immune landscape compared to TB alone, including differences in macrophage and lymphocyte composition and spatial organization, suggesting that coinfection may modulate the local immune response to TB and highlighting the need for further investigation into the development of vaccines and therapies targeting both pathogens.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1895152","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T11:06:30Z","timestamp":1788433590000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Crosstalk between Mycobacterium tuberculosis and SARS-CoV-2 defines divergent cellular composition of murine responses"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Rachel E.","family":"Hildebrand","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin","place":["Madison, WI, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Madeleine B.","family":"Lodes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin","place":["Madison, WI, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shaswath S.","family":"Chandrasekar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin","place":["Madison, WI, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chungyi H.","family":"Hansen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin","place":["Madison, WI, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Elsmo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin","place":["Madison, WI, United States"]},{"name":"Wisconsin Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory","place":["Madison, WI, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anthony J.","family":"Veltri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bioinformatics Resource Center, University of Wisconsin Biotechnology Center","place":["Madison, WI, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adel M.","family":"Talaat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin","place":["Madison, WI, United States"]},{"name":"Vireo Vaccines International","place":["Middleton, WI, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/nejmoa2001017","article-title":"A novel coronavirus from patients with pneumonia in China, 2019","volume":"382","author":"Zhu","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B2","unstructured":"David J. Spencer CDC Museum: In Association with the Smithsonian Institution Home\n          COVID-19 Timeline\n          \n          2020"},{"key":"B3","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Global Tuberculosis Report 2022","year":"2022"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.01398-2020","article-title":"Active tuberculosis, sequelae and COVID-19 co-infection: first cohort of 49 cases","volume":"56","author":"Tadolini","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pulmoe.2020.05.002","article-title":"Tuberculosis, COVID-19 and migrants: Preliminary analysis of deaths occurring in 69 patients from two cohorts","volume":"26","author":"Motta","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pulmonology"},{"key":"B6","volume-title":"Global Tuberculosis Report 2022","year":"2022"},{"key":"B7","unstructured":"Tuberculosis Resurges as Top Infectious Disease Killer\n          \n          2024"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/nejmra1405427","article-title":"Latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection","volume":"373","author":"Getahun","year":"2015","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/nejmcp2108501","article-title":"Latent tuberculosis infection","volume":"385","author":"Shah","year":"2021","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.m549","article-title":"Absolute risk of tuberculosis among untreated populations with a positive tuberculin skin test or interferon-gamma release assay result: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"368","author":"Campbell","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00655-2019","article-title":"The global prevalence of latent tuberculosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"54","author":"Cohen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/745483","article-title":"Role of TNF-Alpha, IFN-Gamma, and IL-10 in the development of pulmonary tuberculosis","volume":"2012","author":"Cavalcanti","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pulm Med"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2012.00411","article-title":"The granuloma in tuberculosis: dynamics of a host-pathogen collusion","volume":"3","author":"Ehlers","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.04.086","article-title":"Lymphopenia is associated with severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infections: A systemic review and meta-analysis","volume":"96","author":"Zhao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1010093","article-title":"Mice infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis are resistant to acute disease caused by secondary infection with SARS-CoV-2","volume":"18","author":"Rosas Mejia","year":"2022","journal-title":"PloS Pathog"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1240419","article-title":"Co-infection of mice with SARS-CoV-2 and Mycobacterium tuberculosis limits early viral replication but does not affect mycobacterial loads","volume":"14","author":"Baker","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.03075-22","article-title":"Superinfection with SARS-CoV-2 has deleterious effects on Mycobacterium bovis BCG immunity and promotes dissemination of Mycobacterium tuberculosis","volume":"10","author":"Hildebrand","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microbiol Spectr"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines9020132","article-title":"Localized and systemic immune responses against SARS-CoV-2 following mucosal immunization","volume":"9","author":"Chandrasekar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vaccines (Basel)"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v13010132","article-title":"Neuroinvasion and encephalitis following intranasal inoculation of SARS-CoV-2 in K18-hACE2 mice","volume":"13","author":"Kumari","year":"2021","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2015.08.084","article-title":"Protection by novel vaccine candidates, Mycobacterium tuberculosis DeltamosR and DeltaechA7, against challenge with a Mycobacterium tuberculosis Beijing strain","volume":"33","author":"Marcus","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"B21","first-page":"2024.06.04.597233","article-title":"Characterization of immune cell populations in the tumor microenvironment of colorectal cancer using high definition spatial profiling","volume-title":"Biorxiv","author":"Oliveira","year":"2024"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1038\/s41587-023-01767-y","article-title":"Dictionary learning for integrative, multimodal and scalable single-cell analysis","volume":"42","author":"Hao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Biotechnol"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2203828120","article-title":"sccomp: Robust differential composition and variability analysis for single-cell data","volume":"120","author":"Mangiola","year":"2023","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/omi.2011.0118","article-title":"clusterProfiler: an R package for comparing biological themes among gene clusters","volume":"16","author":"Yu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Omics"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/9781555819569.ch7","article-title":"Mouse and Guinea pig models of tuberculosis","volume":"4","author":"Orme","year":"2016","journal-title":"Microbiol Spectr"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.00011-07","article-title":"Mycobacterial bacilli are metabolically active during chronic tuberculosis in murine lungs: insights from genome-wide transcriptional profiling","volume":"189","author":"Talaat","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v14061262","article-title":"Systemic neutralizing antibodies and local immune responses are critical for the control of SARS-CoV-2","volume":"14","author":"Chandrasekar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0506580102","article-title":"Gene set enrichment analysis: A knowledge-based approach for interpreting genome-wide expression profiles","volume":"102","author":"Subramanian","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/iyad031","article-title":"The gene ontology knowledgebase in 2023","volume":"224","author":"Aleksander","year":"2023","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/75556","article-title":"Gene Ontology: tool for the unification of biology","volume":"25","author":"Ashburner","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/jci128877","article-title":"Targeting innate immunity for tuberculosis vaccination","volume":"129","author":"Khader","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1011187","article-title":"B cells promote granulomatous inflammation during chronic Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in mice","volume":"19","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"PloS Pathog"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.26311","article-title":"Association between tuberculosis and COVID-19 severity and mortality: A rapid systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"93","author":"Gao","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciab803","article-title":"Risk factors for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) death in a population cohort study from the Western Cape Province, South Africa","volume":"73","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s2352-3018(21)00151-x","article-title":"Risk factors for COVID-19-related in-hospital mortality in a high HIV and tuberculosis prevalence setting in South Africa: a cohort study","volume":"8","author":"Jassat","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet HIV"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.02538-2021","article-title":"Tuberculosis and COVID-19 co-infection: description of the global cohort","volume":"59","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/03009858211066841","article-title":"Chronological brain lesions after SARS-CoV-2 infection in hACE2-transgenic mice","volume":"59","author":"Vidal","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vet Pathol"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2021-053290","article-title":"Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on TB prevention and care in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: a retrospective database study","volume":"12","author":"Arega","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0306023101","article-title":"The temporal expression profile of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in mice","volume":"101","author":"Talaat","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0016161","article-title":"Profiling early lung immune responses in the mouse model of tuberculosis","volume":"6","author":"Kang","year":"2011","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2016.09.047","article-title":"Host immunity to Mycobacterium tuberculosis and risk of tuberculosis: A longitudinal study among Greenlanders","volume":"34","author":"Michelsen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.00103","article-title":"Cell-mediated immune responses to in vivo-expressed and stage-specific Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigens in latent and active tuberculosis across different age groups","volume":"11","author":"Coppola","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.12131","article-title":"Global incidence of neurological manifestations among patients hospitalized with COVID-19-a report for the GCS-NeuroCOVID Consortium and the ENERGY Consortium","volume":"4","author":"Chou","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/cpj.0000000000001031","article-title":"Neurologic findings among inpatients with COVID-19 at a safety-net US hospital","volume":"11","author":"Anand","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurol Clin Pract"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.26649","article-title":"Neurologic manifestations of long COVID differ based on acute COVID-19 severity","volume":"94","author":"Perez Giraldo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-020-02308-1","article-title":"Fatal central nervous system co-infection with SARS-CoV-2 and tuberculosis in a healthy child","volume":"20","author":"Freij","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Pediatr"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12659\/ajcr.926034","article-title":"A 28-year-old man from India with SARS-Cov-2 and pulmonary tuberculosis co-infection with central nervous system involvement","volume":"21","author":"Ata","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Case Rep"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2020.10.028","article-title":"Presentations and outcomes of central nervous system TB in a UK cohort: The high burden of neurological morbidity","volume":"82","author":"Logan","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Infect"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2017.08.020","article-title":"Clofazimine protects against Mycobacterium tuberculosis dissemination in the central nervous system following aerosol challenge in a murine model","volume":"51","author":"Baijnath","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Antimicrob Agents"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2014.03.008","article-title":"Characterization of a novel necrotic granuloma model of latent tuberculosis infection and reactivation in mice","volume":"184","author":"Dutta","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-065x.2010.00994.x","article-title":"For better or for worse: the immune response against Mycobacterium tuberculosis balances pathology and protection","volume":"240","author":"Dorhoi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Immunol Rev"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3211","article-title":"Revisiting the role of the granuloma in tuberculosis","volume":"12","author":"Ramakrishnan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/microbiolspec.TBTB2-0018-2016","article-title":"Cytokines and chemokines in mycobacterium tuberculosis infection","volume":"4","author":"Domingo-Gonzalez","year":"2016","journal-title":"Microbiol Spectr"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10178","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-54334-7","article-title":"Outcome of SARS-CoV-2 reinfection depends on genetic background in female mice","volume":"15","author":"Singh","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.02209","article-title":"IL-22: an underestimated player in natural resistance to tuberculosis","volume":"9","author":"Ronacher","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellsig.2025.111951","article-title":"Insights on the role of the chemokine CCL8 in pathology","volume":"134","author":"Chavez","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell Signal"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.21037\/atm-20-3462","article-title":"Molecular biology of BPIFB1 and its advances in disease","volume":"8","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann Transl Med"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00418-012-0990-8","article-title":"BPIFB1 (LPLUNC1) is upregulated in cystic fibrosis lung disease","volume":"138","author":"Bingle","year":"2012","journal-title":"Histochem Cell Biol"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.603509","article-title":"Differential expression of viral transcripts from single-cell RNA sequencing of moderate and severe COVID-19 patients and its implications for case severity","volume":"11","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-23656\/v1","article-title":"Involvement of Bradykinin and Folate receptor in calming the SARS-COV2 cytokine storm: Lessons learnt from lung cancer","volume-title":"Research Square","author":"Gowda","year":"2020"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1620670","article-title":"Pro-inflammatory granzyme K contributes extracellularly to disease","volume":"16","author":"Turner","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm11121291","article-title":"Early response of CD8+ T cells in COVID-19 patients","volume":"11","author":"Ramljak","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Pers Med"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00281-015-0490-8","article-title":"CD8 T cells and Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection","volume":"37","author":"Lin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Semin Immunopathol"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines11050955","article-title":"Role of B cells in mycobacterium tuberculosis infection","volume":"11","author":"Stewart","year":"2023","journal-title":"Vaccines"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tube.2025.102615","article-title":"Unraveling the role of the immune landscape in tuberculosis granuloma","volume":"152","author":"Jaiswal","year":"2025","journal-title":"Tuberculosis"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.70055","article-title":"Tertiary lymphoid structures in tuberculosis: persistence, protection, and pathology","volume":"333","author":"Camarasa","year":"2025","journal-title":"Immunol Rev"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2023.102284","article-title":"T-cell\u2013B-cell collaboration in the lung","volume":"81","author":"Naderi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr Opin Immunol"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1007060","article-title":"Mycobacterium tuberculosis-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells differ in their capacity to recognize infected macrophages","volume":"14","author":"Yang","year":"2018","journal-title":"PloS Pathog"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.775326","article-title":"Foam cell macrophages in tuberculosis","volume":"12","author":"Agarwal","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.01394","article-title":"Foam cells control mycobacterium tuberculosis infection","volume":"11","author":"Agarwal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Immunology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1895152\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T11:06:34Z","timestamp":1788433594000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1895152\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]]},"references-count":70,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1895152"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1895152","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-3224"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-3224","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]]},"article-number":"1895152"}}