{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T13:35:49Z","timestamp":1786628149325,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":235,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786579200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Glioblastomas (GBM) are an aggressive form of brain cancer with no curative treatment options. While T cell therapies have demonstrated substantial success in combatting blood cancers, their application for solid tumours, including GBM, is hampered by the immunosuppressive tumour microenvironment and scarcity of tumour antigen-specific targets. There is an urgent need to better understand the immune response to GBM to enable the development of new therapeutic approaches. Recently, a resident population of mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells in the brain has been described, which may perform critical immune surveillance functions. Recent research also suggests that MAIT cells play diverse roles in anti-tumour immunity, and there is much interest in exploring the potential of MAIT cells in immune therapy by harnessing their cytotoxic capacity and tissue homing properties. However, findings on the role of MAIT cells in cancer are conflicting, while many basic questions regarding MAIT-tumour cell interactions remain. Here we review the challenges for GBM treatment, as well as the potential of unconventional T cells in cancer immunotherapy, with a focus on MAIT cells, their potential role in cancer, and their suitability as novel therapeutic targets in solid tumours such as GBM.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1896626","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T12:57:05Z","timestamp":1786625825000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Unconventional guardians of the brain: MAIT cells as emerging players in glioblastoma immunity"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Eleanor M.","family":"Eddy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne","place":["Melbourne, VIC, Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Timothy","family":"Patton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne","place":["Melbourne, VIC, Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander D.","family":"Barrow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne","place":["Melbourne, VIC, Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandra J.","family":"Corbett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne","place":["Melbourne, VIC, Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinme.2024.100240","article-title":"Gliomas in adults: Guidance on investigations, diagnosis, treatment and surveillance","volume":"24","author":"Lerner","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin Med (Lond)"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/noab106","article-title":"The 2021 WHO classification of tumors of the central nervous system: a summary","volume":"23","author":"Louis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuro Oncol"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines8090294","article-title":"Isocitrate dehydrogenase mutations in glioma: Genetics, biochemistry, and clinical indications","volume":"8","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"v1","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/nox158","article-title":"CBTRUS statistical report: Primary brain and other central nervous system tumors diagnosed in the United States in 2010-2014","volume":"19","author":"Ostrom","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuro Oncol"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.21037\/cco.2020.02.05","article-title":"Management of glioblastoma: an Australian perspective","volume":"10","author":"Sim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chin Clin Oncol"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2023.0023","article-title":"Glioblastoma and other primary brain Malignancies in adults: A review","volume":"329","author":"Schaff","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ajco.12079","article-title":"Neuro-oncology practices in Australia: a Cooperative Group for Neuro-Oncology patterns of care study","volume":"10","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Asia Pac J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.ccr-19-0032","article-title":"Genomic correlates of disease progression and treatment response in prospectively characterized gliomas","volume":"25","author":"Jonsson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cimb46070412","article-title":"A synopsis of biomarkers in glioblastoma: Past and present","volume":"46","author":"Tataranu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr Issues Mol Biol"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/nos208","article-title":"Ionizing radiation and the risk of brain and central nervous system tumors: a systematic review","volume":"14","author":"Braganza","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuro Oncol"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0175136","article-title":"Mobile phone use and glioma risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"12","author":"Yang","year":"2017","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djac043","article-title":"Do cell phones cause brain tumors? 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