{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T11:19:07Z","timestamp":1788261547563,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004569","name":"Ministerstwo Edukacji i Nauki","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004569","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Vitiligo is a chronic inflammatory depigmenting skin disorder characterized by progressive loss of functional melanocytes, in which adaptive immune mechanisms, particularly T-cell-mediated responses, play a well-established role. Emerging evidence suggests that innate immune pathways, including neutrophil activation, oxidative stress, and dysregulation of neutrophil extracellular trap (NET)-associated processes, may also contribute to disease-associated inflammation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This study investigated NET-associated markers (MPO\u2013DNA complexes, PAD-4, and DNase I) in patients with vitiligo before and after six months of combined fractional CO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      laser and narrowband UVB therapy.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>At baseline, vitiligo patients exhibited elevated circulating MPO\u2013DNA complexes and DNase I levels compared with healthy controls, whereas systemic PAD-4 levels were decreased. Lesional skin demonstrated increased expression of MPO, PAD-4, and DNase I compared with healthy skin. After six months of combined therapy, serum DNase I levels increased further, whereas lesional skin showed reduced MPO and PAD-4 expression together with a further increase in DNase I expression.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These findings may indicate altered extracellular DNA handling and compartment-specific modulation of NET-associated pathways in vitiligo, although the functional significance of these changes remains unclear. Overall, the results suggest that NET-associated parameters may reflect local and systemic inflammatory changes associated with vitiligo and with treatment-related changes. Further studies are warranted to clarify the underlying mechanisms, validate these observations in larger longitudinal cohorts, and determine their potential relevance as indicators of disease-associated inflammatory activity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1897885","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T10:57:12Z","timestamp":1788260232000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Neutrophil-associated extracellular DNA pathways in vitiligo: compartment-specific changes following combined fractional CO2 laser and NB-UVB therapy"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Joanna","family":"Czerwi\u0144ska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Sexually Transmitted Diseases and Clinical Immunology, School of Medicine, Collegium Medicum, University of Warmia and Mazury in 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