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Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Glycoconjugate vaccines convert T-cell-independent polysaccharides into T-cell-dependent antigens, but the cellular dynamics of prime\u2011boost responses remain incompletely defined.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Mice were immunized with the W135 meningococcal conjugate vaccine (PSW135\u2011TT), unconjugated PSW135, or TT alone in a two\u2011dose regimen given at a 2\u2011week interval. B\u2011cell and T\u2011cell responses were evaluated at multiple time points after each immunization.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>PSW135\u2011TT accelerated PSW135\u2011specific IgG class switching and maintained higher IgM levels compared to PSW135 alone, with an IgG1\u2011dominant profile consistent with a Th2\u2011biased humoral response. The conjugate induced more sustained B\u2011cell activation across tissues and a splenic plasmablast\/early plasma cell peak that coincided with antibody appearance. T\u2011cell analysis revealed repeated waves of early CD4\u207a T\u2011cell activation in blood and a triphasic late activation pattern in spleen after PSW135\u2011TT, suggesting prolonged activation; CD8\u207a T\u2011cell activation after booster was also observed. Nonspecific stimulation showed overall Th2 bias, whereas antigen\u2011specific restimulation induced a Th1\u2011dominant recall response; a late Th17 increase was observed only in the conjugate group.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Thus, PSW135\u2011TT modulates B\u2011cell and T\u2011cell responses, supporting its potential as a vaccine candidate against W135 meningococcal disease.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1900097","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T05:44:55Z","timestamp":1787118295000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["T-cell and B-cell dynamics following prime-boost immunization with W135 meningococcal conjugate vaccine in mice"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Yahui","family":"Cheng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Lanzhou Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd.","place":["Lanzhou, China"]},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Novel Vaccines for Emerging Infectious Diseases, China National Biotec Group Company Limited","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guiying","family":"Kou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lanzhou Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd.","place":["Lanzhou, China"]},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Novel Vaccines for Emerging Infectious Diseases, China National Biotec Group Company Limited","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haifei","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lanzhou Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd.","place":["Lanzhou, China"]},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Novel Vaccines for Emerging Infectious Diseases, China National Biotec Group Company Limited","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fanglei","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lanzhou Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd.","place":["Lanzhou, China"]},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Novel Vaccines for Emerging Infectious Diseases, China National Biotec Group Company Limited","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yunjin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lanzhou Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd.","place":["Lanzhou, China"]},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Novel Vaccines for Emerging Infectious Diseases, China National Biotec Group Company Limited","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weiqi","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lanzhou Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd.","place":["Lanzhou, China"]},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Novel Vaccines for Emerging Infectious Diseases, China National Biotec Group Company Limited","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aili","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lanzhou Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd.","place":["Lanzhou, China"]},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Novel Vaccines for Emerging Infectious Diseases, China National Biotec Group Company Limited","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuquan","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lanzhou Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd.","place":["Lanzhou, China"]},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Novel Vaccines for Emerging Infectious Diseases, China National Biotec Group Company Limited","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1478-7954-11-17","article-title":"Global epidemiology of invasive meningococcal disease","volume":"11","author":"Jafri","year":"2013","journal-title":"Popul Health Metrics"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1007\/s44197-025-00463-1","article-title":"The return of MenW: religious mass gatherings as global catalysts for meningococcal spread","volume":"15","author":"Al-Tawfiq","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Global Health"},{"key":"B3","unstructured":"Nathnac - 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