{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T01:49:40Z","timestamp":1790646580622,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":164,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786665600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    As a complex airway inflammatory disease, the pathogenesis of asthma is closely associated with dynamic changes in the lung microbiome and immune regulation. Asthmatic patients with distinct inflammatory phenotypes exhibit significant alterations in the diversity and dominant microbiota of their lung microbiome, particularly characterized by the colonization of bacteria such as\n                    <jats:italic>Haemophilus influenzae<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Moraxella catarrhalis<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>Tropheryma whipplei<\/jats:italic>\n                    . The microbial community modulates the differentiation of CD4\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    T-cell subsets and activates or\u00a0inhibits inflammatory pathways, thereby exerting interactive effects on the eosinophilic and neutrophilic inflammatory phenotypes of asthma. Microbial products, such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS), exosomes, and bacterial lysates, play crucial roles in activating or suppressing host immune cells, mediating the initiation and progression of airway inflammation. Current studies have primarily elucidated the mechanisms by which the lung microbiome modulates asthma immune regulation and explored immunomodulatory strategies targeting microorganisms and their products, including the potential of bacterial lysates, probiotic therapy, and microbial exosome therapy in asthma. Unlike previous reviews focusing on the gut\u2013lung axis, this review establishes correspondences between specific bacterial species and distinct asthma endotypes, and critically evaluates the methodological heterogeneity in this field. These reflections provide a theoretical basis for standardizing microbiome research, elucidating microbiota-driven differential progression of asthma subtypes, and advancing microbiome-based precision prevention strategies.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1901065","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T12:21:56Z","timestamp":1786710116000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The lung microbiome and asthma: from inflammatory phenotype differentiation to microbe-based immunomodulatory strategies"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Sanguo","family":"Ren","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Sciences, Henan University","place":["Kaifeng, Henan, China"]},{"name":"Henan Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology and Biomanufacturing, Henan University","place":["Kaifeng, Henan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hanle","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Sciences, Henan University","place":["Kaifeng, Henan, China"]},{"name":"Henan Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology and Biomanufacturing, Henan University","place":["Kaifeng, Henan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zeyu","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Sciences, Henan University","place":["Kaifeng, Henan, China"]},{"name":"Henan Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology and Biomanufacturing, Henan University","place":["Kaifeng, Henan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Min","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Sciences, Henan University","place":["Kaifeng, Henan, China"]},{"name":"Henan Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology and Biomanufacturing, Henan University","place":["Kaifeng, Henan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2014.09.004","article-title":"The allergic asthma phenotype","volume":"2","author":"Schatz","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-025-02212-9","article-title":"The immunology of asthma","volume":"26","author":"Lambrecht","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200903-0392OC","article-title":"T-helper type 2-driven inflammation defines major subphenotypes of asthma","volume":"180","author":"Woodruff","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smim.2019.101333","article-title":"Immunologic mechanisms in asthma","volume":"46","author":"Boonpiyathad","year":"2019","journal-title":"Semin Immunol"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1097\/MCP.0000000000000434","article-title":"Precision medicine in asthma: Linking phenotypes to targeted treatments","volume":"24","author":"Chung","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr Opin Pulmonary Med"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.05.002","article-title":"Treatable traits as a pathway to remission in asthma","volume":"13","author":"Farinha","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms221910872","article-title":"The lung microbiome during health and disease","volume":"22","author":"Yagi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-023-01722-y","article-title":"Lung microbiome: new insights into the pathogenesis of respiratory diseases","volume":"9","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Signal Transduct Target Ther"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-020-03452-8","article-title":"The lung microbiota: Role in maintaining pulmonary immune homeostasis and its implications in cancer development and therapy","volume":"77","author":"Sommariva","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Mol Life Sci"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2024.2382336","article-title":"Gut microbiota-derived fatty acid and sterol metabolites: Biotransformation and immunomodulatory functions","volume":"16","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3995","DOI":"10.1113\/JP284686","article-title":"Tissue-resident innate lymphoid cells in asthma","volume":"601","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2024.111899","article-title":"ILC2s: Unraveling the innate immune orchestrators in allergic inflammation","volume":"131","author":"Lu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s12276-023-01021-0","article-title":"The modulation of pulmonary group 2 innate lymphoid cell function in asthma: From inflammatory mediators to environmental and metabolic factors","volume":"55","author":"Thio","year":"2023","journal-title":"Exp Mol Med"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/JAA.S529371","article-title":"Reactive oxygen species in asthma: regulators of macrophage polarization and therapeutic implications: A narrative review","volume":"18","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Asthma Allergy"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.02006","article-title":"Eicosanoid control over antigen presenting cells in asthma","volume":"9","author":"Debeuf","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/intimm\/dxw006","article-title":"CD4+ T-cell subsets in inflammatory diseases: beyond the Th1\/Th2 paradigm","volume":"28","author":"Hirahara","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int Immunol"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1149203","article-title":"T-helper cells and their cytokines in pathogenesis and treatment of asthma","volume":"14","author":"Ji","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19321","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-55836-x","article-title":"Schizophyllum commune induces IL-17-mediated neutrophilic airway inflammation in OVA-induced asthma model mice","volume":"9","author":"Hanashiro","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2009.08.007","article-title":"Regulatory T cells in asthma","volume":"31","author":"Lloyd","year":"2009","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-020-0777-3","article-title":"A regulatory T cell Notch4-GDF15 axis licenses tissue inflammation in asthma","volume":"21","author":"Harb","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116920","article-title":"Th17\/Treg imbalance: A key driver of neutrophilic inflammation in severe asthma","volume":"184","author":"Yao","year":"2026","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1007\/s11033-025-11007-y","article-title":"Insights on inflammatory pathways and their cross-talk: a comprehensive review on asthma","volume":"53","author":"Naz","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol Biol Rep"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.01172","article-title":"Poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase-1 in lung inflammatory disorders: A review","volume":"8","author":"Sethi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4161\/jkst.25301","article-title":"STAT6 and lung inflammation","volume":"2","author":"Walford","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAK-STAT"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2023.01.023","article-title":"Severe allergic dysregulation due to a gain of function mutation in the transcription factor STAT6","volume":"152","author":"Baris","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2024.119124","article-title":"Guben Kechuan granule attenuates bronchial asthma by inhibiting NF-\u03baB\/STAT3 signaling pathway-mediated apoptosis","volume":"340","author":"Dai","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Ethnopharmacol"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/all.12937","article-title":"STAT3 inhibition prevents lung inflammation, remodeling, and accumulation of Th2 and Th17 cells in a murine asthma model","volume":"71","author":"Gavino","year":"2016","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2024.1452845","article-title":"Pyroptosis in asthma: inflammatory phenotypes, immune and non-immune cells, and novel treatment approaches","volume":"15","author":"Hao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2025.117346","article-title":"Fudosteine attenuates lung inflammation in mice with PM2.5-induced asthma exacerbation by inhibiting pyroptosis via the NLRP3\/caspase-1\/GSDMD pathway","volume":"499","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Toxicol Appl Pharmacol"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1007\/s10787-025-02083-4","article-title":"Targeting gasdermin D-mediated pyroptosis: A precision anti-inflammatory strategy for acute and chronic lung diseases","volume":"34","author":"Samuel","year":"2026","journal-title":"Inflammopharmacology"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2012.03.001","article-title":"Dynamic role of epithelium-derived cytokines in asthma","volume":"143","author":"Bartemes","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Immunol (Orlando Fla)"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/falgy.2021.738987","article-title":"Interrupting the conversation: Implications for crosstalk between viral and bacterial infections in the asthmatic airway","volume":"2","author":"Ackland","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Allergy"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-020-01438-5","article-title":"The role of NTHi colonization and infection in the pathogenesis of neutrophilic asthma","volume":"21","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Respir Res"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2020-215986","article-title":"Neutrophils in asthma: The good, the bad and the bacteria","volume":"76","author":"Crisford","year":"2021","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/all.15776","article-title":"Haemophilus influenzae and Moraxella catarrhalis in sputum of severe asthma with inflammasome and neutrophil activation","volume":"78","author":"Versi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2017.03.044","article-title":"Inflammatory phenotypes in patients with severe asthma are associated with distinct airway microbiology","volume":"141","author":"Taylor","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2019.06.025","article-title":"Associations between fungal and bacterial microbiota of airways and asthma endotypes","volume":"144","author":"Sharma","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2020.03.028","article-title":"Distinct associations of sputum and oral microbiota with atopic, immunologic, and clinical features in mild asthma","volume":"146","author":"Durack","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s41030-024-00261-3","article-title":"Exploring the impact of airway microbiome on asthma morbidity: A focus on the \"Constructing a 'Eubiosis Reinstatement Therapy' for Asthma-CURE\" project","volume":"10","author":"Xepapadaki","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pulmonary Ther"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.201702-138AW","article-title":"Potential role of the lung microbiome in shaping asthma phenotypes","volume":"14","author":"Chung","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann Am Thorac Soc"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1111\/cea.14089","article-title":"Microbiota associations with inflammatory pathways in asthma","volume":"52","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Exp Allergy"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/JIR.S487916","article-title":"Explore alteration of lung and gut microbiota in a murine model of OVA-induced asthma treated by CpG oligodeoxynucleotides","volume":"18","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Inflammation Res"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1761","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms13081761","article-title":"Multi-Omics reveals aberrant phenotypes of respiratory microbiome and phospholipidomics associated with asthma-related inflammation","volume":"13","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2010.10.048","article-title":"Airway microbiota and bronchial hyperresponsiveness in patients with suboptimally controlled asthma","volume":"127","author":"Huang","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ismej.2016.181","article-title":"Bacteria isolated from lung modulate asthma susceptibility in mice","volume":"11","author":"Remot","year":"2017","journal-title":"ISME J"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.723152","article-title":"Respiratory microbiota profiles associated with the progression from airway inflammation to remodeling in mice with\u00a0OVA-induced asthma","volume":"12","author":"Zheng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1186\/s10020-025-01270-x","article-title":"ITIH4 alleviates OVA-induced asthma by regulating lung-gut microbiota","volume":"31","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol Med"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2022.983375","article-title":"Temporal changes of the respiratory microbiota as cats transition from health to experimental acute and chronic allergic asthma","volume":"9","author":"Vientos-Plotts","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2022-0367OC","article-title":"Delayed microbial maturation durably exacerbates Th17-driven asthma in mice","volume":"68","author":"Wilburn","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa052632","article-title":"Childhood asthma after bacterial colonization of the airway in neonates","volume":"357","author":"Bisgaard","year":"2007","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201302-0215OC","article-title":"Increased risk of pneumonia and bronchiolitis after bacterial colonization of the airways as neonates","volume":"188","author":"Vissing","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201207-1297OC","article-title":"Pathogenic bacteria colonizing the airways in asymptomatic neonates stimulates topical inflammatory mediator release","volume":"187","author":"Folsgaard","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2102293","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.02293-2021","article-title":"Nasopharyngeal metatranscriptome profiles of infants with bronchiolitis and risk of childhood asthma: A multicentre prospective study","volume":"60","author":"Raita","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2022.11.024","article-title":"Airway microbiota and immune mediator relationships differ in obesity and asthma","volume":"151","author":"Kozik","year":"2023","journal-title":"J\u00a0Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0100645","article-title":"Potentially pathogenic airway bacteria and neutrophilic inflammation in treatment resistant severe asthma","volume":"9","author":"Green","year":"2014","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2016.08.055","article-title":"Features of the bronchial bacterial microbiome associated with atopy, asthma, and responsiveness to inhaled corticosteroid treatment","volume":"140","author":"Durack","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201309-1680ED","article-title":"Microbial airway colonization: A cause of asthma and pneumonia","volume":"188","author":"Ege","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-061020-053702","article-title":"Cytokine regulation and function in T cells","volume":"39","author":"Dong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Annu Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20122980","article-title":"Potential mechanisms of T cell-mediated and eosinophil-independent bronchial hyperresponsiveness","volume":"20","author":"Saeki","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-020-0396-0","article-title":"IL-9-producing T cells: Potential players in allergy and cancer","volume":"21","author":"Angkasekwinai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1007\/s00281-016-0601-1","article-title":"Th9 and other IL-9-producing cells in allergic asthma","volume":"39","author":"Koch","year":"2017","journal-title":"Semin Immunopathology"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.02918","article-title":"T follicular helper cell subsets and the associated cytokine IL-21 in the pathogenesis and therapy of asthma","volume":"10","author":"Gong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-041015-055605","article-title":"Follicular helper T cells","volume":"34","author":"Vinuesa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Annu Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2015.11.017","article-title":"T follicular helper cell plasticity shapes pathogenic T helper 2 cell-mediated immunity to inhaled house dust mite","volume":"44","author":"Ballesteros-Tato","year":"2016","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2015.07.015","article-title":"Interleukin-21-producing CD4(+) T cells promote type 2 immunity to house dust mites","volume":"43","author":"Coquet","year":"2015","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms222111822","article-title":"The role of CD4(+) T cells and microbiota in the pathogenesis of asthma","volume":"22","author":"Jeong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1080\/1040841X.2021.1992345","article-title":"Emerging cellular and molecular interactions between the lung microbiota and lung diseases","volume":"48","author":"Xiang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Crit Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.02235-18","article-title":"Intranasal immunization with the commensal Streptococcus mitis confers protective immunity against pneumococcal lung infection","volume":"85","author":"Shekhar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.24653","article-title":"Long-term exposure to low-dose Haemophilus influenzae during allergic airway disease drives a steroid-resistant neutrophilic inflammation and promotes airway remodeling","volume":"9","author":"Yang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.26599\/Fshw.2024.9250036","article-title":"Prophylactic treatment of Lacticaseibacillus paracasei K56 ameliorates asthma by regulating short-chain fatty acid production and Treg differentiation","volume":"14","author":"Cui","year":"2025","journal-title":"Food Sci Hum Wellness"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12024","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-30448-z","article-title":"Bifidobacterium breve MRx0004 protects against airway inflammation in a severe asthma model by suppressing both neutrophil and eosinophil lung infiltration","volume":"8","author":"Raftis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2021.09.013","article-title":"Airway administration of OM-85, a bacterial lysate, blocks experimental asthma by targeting dendritic cells and the epithelium\/IL-33\/ILC2 axis","volume":"149","author":"Pivniouk","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12726","article-title":"Metabolites produced by commensal bacteria promote peripheral regulatory T-cell generation","volume":"504","author":"Arpaia","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.3568","article-title":"Lung microbiota promotes tolerance to allergens in neonates via PD-L1","volume":"20","author":"Gollwitzer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1092801","article-title":"Treatment with Helicobacter pylori-derived VacA attenuates allergic airway disease","volume":"14","author":"Reuter","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI45041","article-title":"Helicobacter pylori infection prevents allergic asthma in mouse models through the induction of regulatory T cells","volume":"121","author":"Arnold","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2011.01.034","article-title":"LPS-induced CD11b+Gr1(int)F4\/80+ regulatory myeloid cells suppress allergen-induced airway inflammation","volume":"11","author":"Arora","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/mi.2010.41","article-title":"TLR4\/MyD88-induced CD11b+Gr-1 int F4\/80+ non-migratory myeloid cells suppress Th2 effector function in the lung","volume":"3","author":"Arora","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.01378-13","article-title":"Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium infection-induced CD11b+ Gr1+ cells ameliorate allergic airway inflammation","volume":"82","author":"Ganesh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2015.07.010","article-title":"Flagellin suppresses experimental asthma by generating regulatory dendritic cells and T cells","volume":"137","author":"Shim","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2016.06.018","article-title":"Endosomal recognition of Lactococcus lactis G121 and its RNA by dendritic cells is key to its allergy-protective effects","volume":"139","author":"Stein","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2018.08.090","article-title":"Modulation of pulmonary microbiota by antibiotic or probiotic aerosol therapy: A strategy to promote immunosurveillance against lung metastases","volume":"24","author":"Le Noci","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2007.03.023","article-title":"Acinetobacter lwoffii and Lactococcus lactis strains isolated from farm cowsheds possess strong allergy-protective properties","volume":"119","author":"Debarry","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1410579111","article-title":"Effective treatment of allergic airway inflammation with Helicobacter pylori immunomodulators requires BATF3-dependent dendritic cells and IL-10","volume":"111","author":"Engler","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-019-0498-2","article-title":"Elevated faecal 12,13-diHOME concentration in neonates at high risk for asthma is produced by gut bacteria and impedes immune tolerance","volume":"4","author":"Levan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Microbiol"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0022004","article-title":"Acinetobacter baumannii infection inhibits airway eosinophilia and lung pathology in a mouse model of allergic asthma","volume":"6","author":"Qiu","year":"2011","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/clt2.12138","article-title":"Immunoregulatory effects of Lactococcus lactis-derived extracellular vesicles in allergic asthma","volume":"12","author":"Lee","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Trans Allergy"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2015.03.008","article-title":"The infant nasopharyngeal microbiome impacts severity of lower respiratory infection and risk of asthma development","volume":"17","author":"Teo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1038\/s12276-022-00910-0","article-title":"Micrococcus luteus-derived extracellular vesicles attenuate neutrophilic asthma by regulating miRNAs in airway epithelial cells","volume":"55","author":"Sim","year":"2023","journal-title":"Exp Mol Med"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.2100651","article-title":"Group 2 innate lymphoid cells are detrimental to the control of infection with Francisella tularensis","volume":"210","author":"Dow","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1567817","article-title":"The role of ILC2s in asthma combined with atopic dermatitis: bridging the gap from research to clinical practice","volume":"16","author":"Luo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00109-023-02345-0","article-title":"Interferons as negative regulators of ILC2s in allergic lung inflammation and respiratory viral infections","volume":"101","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Mol Med (Berl)"},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.1863","article-title":"The role of pattern-recognition receptors in innate immunity: update on Toll-like receptors","volume":"11","author":"Kawai","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2008.01.006","article-title":"LPS\/TLR4 signal transduction pathway","volume":"42","author":"Lu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/d2tb00683a","article-title":"Recent advances in biomedical applications of bacterial outer membrane vesicles","volume":"10","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Mater Chem B"},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1186\/s12964-023-01329-4","article-title":"Extracellular vesicles of the probiotic bacteria E. coli O83 activate innate immunity and prevent allergy in mice","volume":"21","author":"Schmid","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Commun Signal"},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.2920","article-title":"The Toll-like receptor 5 ligand flagellin promotes asthma by priming allergic responses to indoor allergens","volume":"18","author":"Wilson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1259989","article-title":"Surface toll-like receptor 9 on immune cells and its immunomodulatory effect","volume":"14","author":"Kou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1006177","article-title":"Nod2: The intestinal gate keeper","volume":"13","author":"Al Nabhani","year":"2017","journal-title":"PloS Pathog"},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0013153","article-title":"Staphylococcal peptidoglycan co-localizes with Nod2 and TLR2 and activates innate immune response via both receptors in primary murine keratinocytes","volume":"5","author":"Muller-Anstett","year":"2010","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/JLB.2RU0718-290R","article-title":"Synergistic interactions between NOD receptors and TLRs: mechanisms and clinical implications","volume":"105","author":"Pashenkov","year":"2019","journal-title":"J\u00a0Leukoc Biol"},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/mi.2017.75","article-title":"Microbiome-driven allergic lung inflammation is ameliorated by short-chain fatty acids","volume":"11","author":"Cait","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol"},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3858\/emm.2010.42.8.054","article-title":"IL-12-STAT4-IFN-gamma axis is a key downstream pathway in the development of IL-13-mediated asthma phenotypes in a Th2 type asthma model","volume":"42","author":"Kim","year":"2010","journal-title":"Exp Mol Med"},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5483\/bmbrep.2017.50.2.011","article-title":"Dynamic lipopolysaccharide transfer cascade to TLR4\/MD2 complex via LBP and CD14","volume":"50","author":"Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Bmb Rep"},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.02108-24","article-title":"Intranasal administration of Clostridium butyricum and its derived extracellular vesicles alleviate LPS-induced acute lung injury","volume":"12","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Microbiol Spectr"},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.molpharmaceut.3c00323","article-title":"Lung microbiota: Its relationship to respiratory system diseases and approaches for lung-targeted probiotic bacteria delivery","volume":"20","author":"Yuksel","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol Pharm"},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25168722","article-title":"Microbiota-derived extracellular vesicle as emerging actors in host interactions","volume":"25","author":"Margutti","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jleuko\/qiae047","article-title":"Administration of a bacterial lysate to the airway compartment is sufficient to inhibit allergen-induced lung eosinophilia in germ-free mice","volume":"116","author":"Michael","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Leukoc Biol"},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-021-02254-7","article-title":"Priming with intranasal lactobacilli prevents Pseudomonas aeruginosa acute pneumonia in mice","volume":"21","author":"Fangous","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol"},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2010.01.022","article-title":"Pattern recognition receptors and inflammation","volume":"140","author":"Takeuchi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.105189","article-title":"Why do some asthma patients respond poorly to glucocorticoid therapy","volume":"160","author":"Henderson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pharmacol Res"},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2023.109673","article-title":"PRRSV infection activates NLRP3 inflammasome through inducing cytosolic mitochondrial DNA stress","volume":"279","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Veterinary Microbiol"},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0163-4453(17)30196-2","article-title":"The respiratory microbiome and respiratory infections","author":"Unger","year":"2017","journal-title":"J\u00a0Infect"},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-5822.2010.01546.x","article-title":"Multicomponent Moraxella catarrhalis outer membrane vesicles induce an inflammatory response and are internalized by human epithelial cells","volume":"13","author":"Schaar","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cell Microbiol"},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5711","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-13751-9","article-title":"Obesity and disease severity magnify disturbed microbiome-immune interactions in asthma patients","volume":"10","author":"Michalovich","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2016.03.045","article-title":"Staphylococcal serine protease-like proteins are pacemakers of allergic airway reactions to Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"139","author":"Stentzel","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12016-022-08928-y","article-title":"The airway microbiome-IL-17 axis: a critical regulator of chronic inflammatory disease","volume":"64","author":"Mannion","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Rev Allergy Immunol"},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0098648","article-title":"Concomitant exposure to ovalbumin and endotoxin augments airway inflammation but not airway hyperresponsiveness in a murine model of asthma","volume":"9","author":"Mac Sharry","year":"2014","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02770903.2016.1223687","article-title":"Lipopolysaccharides promote a shift from Th2-derived airway eosinophilic inflammation to Th17-derived neutrophilic inflammation in an ovalbumin-sensitized murine asthma model","volume":"54","author":"Zhao","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Asthma"},{"key":"B120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20021340","article-title":"Lipopolysaccharide-enhanced, toll-like receptor 4-dependent T helper cell type 2 responses to inhaled antigen","volume":"196","author":"Eisenbarth","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"B121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/all.14959","article-title":"Association between mucosal barrier disruption by Pseudomonas aeruginosa exoproteins and asthma in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis","volume":"76","author":"Tuli","year":"2021","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"B122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2019.10.034","article-title":"Increased Moraxella and Streptococcus species abundance after severe bronchiolitis is associated with recurrent wheezing","volume":"145","author":"Mansbach","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"B123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15030486","article-title":"Microbiome and asthma: Microbial dysbiosis and the origins, phenotypes, persistence, and severity of asthma","volume":"15","author":"Valverde-Molina","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1398-9995.2010.02502.x","article-title":"Staphylococci and staphylococcal superantigens in asthma and rhinitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"66","author":"Pastacaldi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"B125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1465-9921-14-17","article-title":"Sputum mediator profiling and relationship to airway wall geometry imaging in severe asthma","volume":"14","author":"Desai","year":"2013","journal-title":"Respir Res"},{"key":"B126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.178.8.5375","article-title":"Airway exposure levels of lipopolysaccharide determine type 1 versus type 2 experimental asthma","volume":"178","author":"Kim","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1186\/s12890-024-02880-7","article-title":"Isolated respiratory tract microorganisms and clinical characteristics in asthma exacerbation of obese patients: a multicenter study","volume":"24","author":"Park","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Pulmonary Med"},{"key":"B128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mucimm.2025.07.002","article-title":"Microbial dysbiosis sculpts a systemic ILC3\/IL-17 axis governing lung inflammatory responses and central hematopoiesis","volume":"18","author":"Kabil","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol"},{"key":"B129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1828172","article-title":"Dual role of IL-17A in COPD: Amplifier of inflammatory cascades and mediator of airway remodeling and alveolar destruction","volume":"17","author":"Zhang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2025.115255","article-title":"Corynebacterium striatum drives neutrophilic asthma via IL-17 signaling activation","volume":"163","author":"Yu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol"},{"key":"B131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.103479","article-title":"Neutrophil extracellular traps amplify neutrophil recruitment and inflammation in neutrophilic asthma by stimulating the airway epithelial cells to activate the TLR4\/ NF-\u03baB pathway and secrete chemokines","volume":"12","author":"Wan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aging"},{"key":"B132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2025.116093","article-title":"Stress-induced glucocorticoids enhance acute inflammation by promoting the differentiation of Th17 cells","volume":"44","author":"Shimba","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"B133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116990","article-title":"Gut microbiota-derived tryptamine activates AhR-NRF2 signaling to modulate airway epithelial barrier function in allergic asthma","volume":"185","author":"Zhang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol"},{"key":"B134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.562244","article-title":"Polyvalent bacterial lysate protects against pneumonia independently of neutrophils, IL-17A or caspase-1 activation","volume":"12","author":"Ferrara","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1111\/pai.12894","article-title":"Mechanical bacterial lysate administration prevents exacerbation in allergic asthmatic children-the EOLIA study","volume":"29","author":"Emeryk","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pediatr Allergy Immunol"},{"key":"B136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/all.13502","article-title":"Intranasal administration of probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG prevents birch pollen-induced allergic asthma in a murine model","volume":"74","author":"Spacova","year":"2019","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"B137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7113","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-51169-0","article-title":"A lactobacilli-based inhaled live biotherapeutic product attenuates pulmonary neutrophilic inflammation","volume":"15","author":"Nicola","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/all.12094","article-title":"Farm-derived Gram-positive bacterium Staphylococcus sciuri W620 prevents asthma phenotype in HDM- and OVA-exposed mice","volume":"68","author":"Hagner","year":"2013","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"B139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-023-02660-7","article-title":"Microbes little helpers and suppliers for therapeutic asthma approaches","volume":"25","author":"Reuter","year":"2024","journal-title":"Respir Res"},{"key":"B140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2026.1756436","article-title":"Probiotic supplementation modulates the gut microbiome and improves clinical outcomes in pediatric refractory asthma","volume":"17","author":"Liu","year":"2026","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"B141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s44320-024-00067-0","article-title":"Bacterial live therapeutics for human diseases","volume":"20","author":"Frutos-Grilo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol Syst Biol"},{"key":"B142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1675124","article-title":"The alterations of airway and intestine microbiota in asthma: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"16","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2025.115662","article-title":"Towards airway microbiome engineering for improving respiratory health","volume":"225","author":"Hern","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv Drug Delivery Rev"},{"key":"B144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-025-04524-2","article-title":"Association between Capillaria hepatica infection-induced alterations in gut microbiota and estrogen expression in Brandt's voles (Lasiopodomys brandtii)","volume":"21","author":"Hu","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMC Vet Res"},{"key":"B145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00020.2023","article-title":"The microbiome: An integral player in immune homeostasis and inflammation in the respiratory tract","volume":"104","author":"Perdijk","year":"2024","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"key":"B146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD012929.pub2","article-title":"Anti-interleukin-13 and anti-interleukin-4 agents versus placebo, anti-interleukin-5 or anti-immunoglobulin-E agents, for people with asthma","volume":"10","author":"Gallagher","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"B147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.70019","article-title":"Early-life host-microbial interactions and asthma development: A lifelong impact","volume":"330","author":"Pattaroni","year":"2025","journal-title":"Immunol Rev"},{"key":"B148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2019.00564","article-title":"Predicting BPD: Lessons learned from the airway microbiome of preterm infants","volume":"7","author":"Gentle","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Pediatr"},{"key":"B149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molp.2023.09.010","article-title":"TBtools-II: A \"one for all, all for one\" bioinformatics platform for biological big-data mining","volume":"16","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol Plant"},{"key":"B150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1038\/s41522-025-00762-2","article-title":"Benefits and challenges of host depletion methods in profiling the upper and lower respiratory microbiome","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes"},{"key":"B151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/imt2.218","article-title":"MASS cohort: Multicenter, longitudinal, and prospective study of the role of microbiome in severe pneumonia and host susceptibility","volume":"3","author":"Wei","year":"2024","journal-title":"Imeta"},{"key":"B152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e003456","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjresp-2025-003456","article-title":"No difference in microbial diversity between bronchoalveolar lavage and tracheal sampling: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"12","author":"Karim","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMJ Open Respir Res"},{"key":"B153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-025-03286-7","article-title":"Sputum sample quality selection in microbiota research; a chance to improve methods","volume":"26","author":"Kewin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Respir Res"},{"key":"B154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-025-03266-x","article-title":"Sputum quality affects assessment of airway microbiology in childhood asthma","volume":"26","author":"Taylor","year":"2025","journal-title":"Respir Res"},{"key":"B155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prrv.2024.02.001","article-title":"The lower airway microbiome in paediatric health and chronic disease","volume":"52","author":"Campbell","year":"2024","journal-title":"Paediatr Respir Rev"},{"key":"B156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.02287-16","article-title":"Bacterial topography of the healthy human lower respiratory tract","volume":"8","author":"Dickson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mbio"},{"key":"B157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/TCRM.S526727","article-title":"Airway organoid models as pivotal tools for unraveling molecular mechanisms and therapeutic targets in respiratory diseases: A literature review","volume":"21","author":"Jiang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ther Clin Risk Manage"},{"key":"B158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mmbr.00022-25","article-title":"Computational function prediction of bacteria and phage proteins","volume":"89","author":"Grigson","year":"2025","journal-title":"Microbiol Mol Biol Rev"},{"key":"B159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2025.05.013","article-title":"Human airway submucosal gland organoids to study respiratory inflammation and infection","volume":"32","author":"Lin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"key":"B160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1186\/s13059-024-03453-x","article-title":"TEMPTED: Time-informed dimensionality reduction for longitudinal microbiome studies","volume":"25","author":"Shi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Genome Biol"},{"key":"B161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11427-025-3035-0","article-title":"EasyMultiProfiler: an efficient multi-omics data integration and analysis workflow for microbiome research","volume":"69","author":"Liu","year":"2026","journal-title":"Sci China Life Sci"},{"key":"B162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2025.05.007","article-title":"Dectin-1 facilitates lung fungal-mediated pulmonary fibrosis","volume":"58","author":"Qiu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8855","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-63915-z","article-title":"Integrating cross-sample and cross-modal data for spatial transcriptomics and metabolomics with SpatialMETA","volume":"16","author":"Tian","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41551-025-01444-2","article-title":"Isogenic induced-pluripotent-stem-cell-derived airway- and alveolus-on-chip models reveal specific innate immune responses","volume":"9","author":"Yadav","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat BioMed Eng"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Immunology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1901065\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T12:21:57Z","timestamp":1786710117000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1901065\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]]},"references-count":164,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1901065"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1901065","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-3224"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-3224","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]]},"article-number":"1901065"}}