{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T06:00:11Z","timestamp":1785218411305,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785196800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Delta-like ligand 3 (DLL3) is the first tumor cell surface antigen in small cell lung cancer (SCLC) to support an approved T-cell-redirecting therapy with demonstrated survival benefit, namely the DLL3\u00d7CD3 bispecific T-cell engager tarlatamab. DLL3-directed agents are usually surveyed by platform. Here, we argue instead that DLL3 is best understood not as a static surface target but as the surface readout of a plastic, ASCL1-associated neuroendocrine lineage state. DLL3-directed immune redirection works by holding two intrinsically unstable systems in transient alignment: a lineage-defined antigen state on the tumor side and an activatable but exhaustible T cell effector system on the host side. This framework helps explain why the same antigen has produced different clinical outcomes across therapeutic platforms. The failure of rovalpituzumab tesirine does not establish that DLL3 is intrinsically unsuitable for payload delivery; rather, it highlights the construct-specific challenge of achieving a sufficient therapeutic index with a PBD-based antibody-drug conjugate. Tarlatamab clinically validates a distinct use of DLL3\u2014as a surface recognition tag for T-cell redirection\u2014while leaving open the possibility that redesigned DLL3-directed antibody-drug conjugates may succeed. That recruitment makes therapeutic success contingent on a host effector system the drug does not fully control, and resistance correspondingly emerges along two axes. In antigen-side escape, therapeutic pressure may select for, or in some contexts drive, a DLL3-low or non-neuroendocrine state. In execution-side escape, pre-existing T-cell dysfunction may limit primary efficacy, whereas repeated redirected activation may deepen exhaustion within a suppressive niche. The lineage-defined vulnerability that the therapy exploits can thus double as the route of escape. We propose that next-generation strategies should be organized by the axis they are designed to preserve, and that the operative clinical question should shift from baseline DLL3 positivity toward the durability of antigen availability and effector function.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1901163","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T05:35:13Z","timestamp":1785216913000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["DLL3-directed immune redirection in small-cell lung cancer: a lineage-defined vulnerability that doubles as an escape route"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Xitan","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oncology, Zibo Central Hospital","place":["Zibo, 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