{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T14:20:38Z","timestamp":1788790838720,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":108,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788739200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    In this review, linear epitope-based subunit vaccines are systematically profiled to outline their current developmental status, integrating recent advances in computational immunogenic epitope screening, site-specific chemical modification for stability enhancement, next-generation delivery platform matching, and ongoing clinical translation efforts. Deep learning-based MHC-binding prediction tools including NetMHCpan, MHCflurry 2.0, and MARIA, supported by robust empirical evidence, are rigorously evaluated, with notable improvements observed in the efficiency of identifying B\/T cell linear epitopes with high immunogenicity, while it is also noted that the field still faces core bottlenecks such as weak\n                    <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    immunogenicity, rapid enzymatic degradation, and insufficient cross-protection against viral variants. According to this integrative evidence-based assessment, feasible optimization pathways are further outlined, including the synergy between AI-driven epitope structural design and virus-like particle-based delivery systems, to provide practical references for the rational development of next-generation broad-spectrum linear epitope-based vaccines.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1902723","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T13:24:07Z","timestamp":1788787447000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Advances in linear epitope-based subunit vaccines powered by artificial intelligence: current status and challenges"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Jingyu","family":"Quan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Thyroid Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University","place":["Jilin, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lu","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University","place":["Jilin, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zijian","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Colorectal and Anal Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University","place":["Jilin, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tiancheng","family":"Shan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University","place":["Jilin, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuhua","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin 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