{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T05:08:56Z","timestamp":1788930536011,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788912000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have exhibited remarkable clinical benefits in the treatment of lung cancer, yet a large-scale pharmacovigilance investigation on ICI-related thyroid dysfunction (ICI-TD) remained limited. This study aimed to comprehensively analyze the demographic characteristics of ICI-TD in lung cancer patients and the pharmacovigilance signal patterns of the adverse events (AEs) using data from the Food and Drug Administration Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) database.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      All existing data ranging from January 1\n                      <jats:sup>st<\/jats:sup>\n                      2014 to March 31\n                      <jats:sup>st<\/jats:sup>\n                      2026 were retrieved from the FAERS database. In descriptive analysis, the demographic characteristics of ICI-TD in lung cancer patients were collected and categorized. Disproportionality analysis was conducted to evaluate the signal characteristics of ICI-TD by employing three disproportional algorithms, namely reporting odds ratio (ROR), proportional reporting ratio (PRR), and information component (IC).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A total of 2,001 reports of ICI-TD during treatment of lung cancer were identified after data processing, involving 1,758 patients and 10 ICIs. In general, ICI-TD were mainly reported in male patients (n = 959, 54.55%) and patients aged \u2265 65 years (n = 856, 48.69%; median [lower quartile (Q1), upper quartile (Q3)] = 67 [60, 73]). After data cleaning, we found that reports from 752 patients had valid time-to-onset (TTO) values. The median TTO of ICI-TD was 42 days [Q1, Q3] = [14, 98], and ICI-TD was predominantly reported within 30 days after ICI administration (n = 323, 42.95% of all 752 patients). The vast majority of patients were reported as having serious reaction outcome (n = 1,690, 96.13%). Among all ICIs, nivolumab had the greatest number of ICI-TD reports (a = 655, 32.73% of all 2,001 reports, ROR\n                      <jats:sub>025<\/jats:sub>\n                      = 2.97, IC\n                      <jats:sub>025<\/jats:sub>\n                      = 1.32, PRR\u00a0=\u00a03.21, \u03c7\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      = 782.34). The most frequently reported ICI-TD was \u201chypothyroidism\u201d (a = 901, 45.03% of all 2,001 reports, ROR\n                      <jats:sub>025<\/jats:sub>\n                      = 4.83, IC\n                      <jats:sub>025<\/jats:sub>\n                      = 1.22, PRR\u00a0=\u00a05.36, \u03c7\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      = 1,138.77).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The present study provided a comprehensive overview of the demographic features of patients and pharmacovigilance signal patterns of ICI-TD during the treatment of lung cancer. Our findings would offer a referential perspective for the clinical understanding of the pharmacovigilance signals of ICI-TD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1902939","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T04:40:27Z","timestamp":1788928827000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Immune checkpoint inhibitor-related thyroid dysfunction during treatment of lung cancer: a disproportionality analysis based on the FDA adverse event reporting system"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Yaqian","family":"Tan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Brain Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University","place":["Guangzhou, China"]},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of Guangdong Province and The Ministry of Education of China, Guangzhou Medical 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