{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T06:23:59Z","timestamp":1787639039953,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787616000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Coronaviruses (CoVs), including severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS-CoV), cause respiratory infections with distinct clinical outcomes and case fatality rates. However, the molecular basis of these differences remains unclear. In this study, we sought to define virus-specific host metabolic programs by directly comparing multiomics profiles of the lungs of lethally infected mouse models.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We performed integrated multiomics analyses, including untargeted metabolomics, transcriptomics, and targeted lipidomics, of lung tissues from human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (hiACE2)-human dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (hDPP4) double-knock-in (DKI) mice infected in SARS-CoV-2 or MERS-CoV. Data Integration Analysis and Biomarker discovery using Latent cOmponents (DIABLO) was applied across all three omics layers to identify key distinguishing molecular patterns. Additionally,\n                      <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      lipid droplet kinetics were examined in infected Vero E6 cells to validate temporal differences in lipid remodeling.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We identified two distinct strategies for lipid utilization. SARS-CoV-2 infection showed strong activation of energy and amino acid metabolism at an early stage of infection (3 days post infection, DPI), whereas MERS-CoV infection was characterized by sustained alterations in lipid and nucleotide metabolism. Integrative DIABLO analysis of all three omics layers revealed that the key distinguishing features clustered into virus-specific molecular signatures: a triacylglycerol\u2013lipid droplet\u2013interferon axis for SARS-CoV-2 and a phospholipid\u2013sphingolipid\u2013membrane hub for MERS-CoV.\n                      <jats:italic>In vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      lipid droplet kinetics in infected Vero E6 cells confirmed this temporal difference, with SARS-CoV-2 peaking earlier than MERS-CoV.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These findings show that \u03b2-CoVs exploit host lipid metabolism through virus-specific and time-dependent remodeling programs, providing a framework for understanding differential pathogenesis and developing host-directed antiviral strategies.<\/jats:p>\n                  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