{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T14:18:31Z","timestamp":1788445111999,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788393600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Regulatory T cells (Tregs) have varied functions in the course of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection and cirrhosis. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) generally restrict excessive immune-mediated liver injury in acute HBV infection but may also inhibit antiviral immunity. During chronic infection, expanded and intrahepatically enriched Tregs suppress HBV-specific effector T-cell responses, maintain antiviral immune hyporesponsiveness and viral persistence, and limit chronic necroinflammatory injury. As the extent of HBV-related liver fibrosis progresses, there is a relative deficiency in both Tregs and Th17 cells. Treg cells are not only inhibitory to fibrosis; they are also interconnected with the immune-fibrotic microenvironment established by HSCs, and inflammation, HSC activation, extracellular matrix deposition and Treg\/Th17 imbalance are all interrelated. Tregs in HBV-associated cirrhosis are highly heterogeneous, compartmentally distributed, functionally reprogrammed, and have joined an intrahepatic immunosuppressive-fibrotic network that includes myeloid cells, HSCs, natural killer cells, CD8+ T cells and Th17 cells. This paper will introduce modifications in Treg abundance, phenotype, distribution and function during the progressive alteration of these periods, as well as microenvironmental factors, Treg\/Th17 dysregulation and specific therapeutic options. Therefore, the effect of regulation of Treg activity in HBV-associated liver disease is context-dependent and stage-specific, not uniform enhancement or suppression.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1905693","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T13:58:09Z","timestamp":1788443889000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Regulatory T-cell remodeling across the HBV infection\u2013cirrhosis continuum"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Yudan","family":"Fu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infection, Guang\u2019anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences","place":["Beijing, China"]},{"name":"Graduate School, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine","place":["Beijing, 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