{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T15:27:49Z","timestamp":1786375669138,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":205,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786320000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    This review synthesizes current evidence on the emerging role of the host microbiome in Epstein\u2013Barr virus (EBV)-associated tumorigenesis. Moving beyond the traditional virus\u2013host paradigm, we propose the \u201cmicrobiome\u2013EBV axis\u201d as a conceptual framework for understanding interactions among microbial communities, microbial metabolites, EBV-infected cells, and the host tissue\u2013immune environment during carcinogenesis. We summarize four interrelated mechanisms: microbial regulation of EBV latency and lytic reactivation, microbiome-associated remodeling of the immune microenvironment, microbial contribution to genomic and epigenetic instability, and the potential translational use of microbial signatures or microbiome-targeted interventions. Importantly, we distinguish mechanistic evidence derived from\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    and animal studies, observational associations from clinical cohorts, and findings supported by clinical validation. Overall, this framework refines our understanding of EBV-associated cancers while highlighting microbiome-derived biomarkers and therapeutic strategies as promising, but still incompletely validated, areas for future investigation.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1909260","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T14:29:48Z","timestamp":1786372188000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The microbiome\u2013EBV axis in carcinogenesis bridges commensal influence and viral oncogenesis"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Xuan","family":"Tian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Biomedicine and Health, Huazhong Agricultural University","place":["Wuhan, Hubei, China"]},{"name":"College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University","place":["Wuhan, Hubei, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kangkang","family":"Ji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Binhai County People\u2019s Hospital, Binhai Clinical College, Yangzhou University Medical College","place":["Yancheng, Jiangsu, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mingqian","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Biomedicine and Health, Huazhong Agricultural University","place":["Wuhan, Hubei, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-019-0249-7","article-title":"Latency and lytic replication in Epstein\u2013Barr virus-associated oncogenesis","volume":"17","author":"M\u00fcnz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abc4552","article-title":"The microbiome and human cancer","volume":"371","author":"Sepich-Poore","year":"2021","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2024-332815","article-title":"Stomach microbiota in gastric cancer development and clinical implications","volume":"73","author":"Zeng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1771414","article-title":"Synergistic carcinogenesis of the nasopharyngeal microbiome and Epstein-Barr virus: mechanisms of metabolic reprogramming and immune evasion","volume":"17","author":"Shen","year":"2026","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11427-024-2766-0","article-title":"Research landmarks on the 60th anniversary of Epstein-Barr virus","volume":"68","author":"Zhong","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci China Life Sci"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5940","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-60999-5","article-title":"Epstein Barr virus antibody and cancer risk in two prospective cohorts in Southern China","volume":"16","author":"Ji","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2004-02-0405","article-title":"Adult Burkitt leukemia and lymphoma","volume":"104","author":"Blum","year":"2004","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-022-00404-3","article-title":"Burkitt lymphoma","volume":"8","author":"L\u00f3pez","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primer"},{"key":"B9","unstructured":"Hodgkin Lymphoma - 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