{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T06:12:58Z","timestamp":1788415978980,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788393600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    To investigate the effects of\n                    <jats:italic>Bacillus coagulans<\/jats:italic>\n                    on growth performance and intestinal mucosal barrier functions of juvenile channel catfish (\n                    <jats:italic>Ictalurus punctatus<\/jats:italic>\n                    ), this study formulated two experimental diets: a control diet (CN group, without\n                    <jats:italic>B. coagulans<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) and a\n                    <jats:italic>B. coagulans<\/jats:italic>\n                    -supplemented diet (BC group, containing 1\u00d710\n                    <jats:sup>8<\/jats:sup>\n                    CFU\/g\n                    <jats:italic>B. coagulans<\/jats:italic>\n                    ). Each diet was assigned to three replicate tanks for an 8-week feeding trial. Compared with the CN group, the BC group exhibited a significantly lower feed conversion ratio (\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0&amp;lt;\u00a00.05). The BC group exhibited significantly increased activities of intestinal trypsin, \u03b1-amylase, and glutathione S-transferase (\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0&amp;lt;\u00a00.05), alongside significantly reduced levels of malondialdehyde and superoxide anion (\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0&amp;lt;\u00a00.05). Moreover, the BC group showed significantly upregulated gene expression of intestinal tight junction proteins (\n                    <jats:italic>zonula occludens-2<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>claudin-18<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>claudin-g<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>junctional adhesion molecule-2b<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>junctional adhesion molecule-3b<\/jats:italic>\n                    ;\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0&amp;lt;\u00a00.05) and the anti-inflammatory factor (\n                    <jats:italic>transforming growth factor-\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                    ;\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0&amp;lt;\u00a00.05). Conversely, the gene expression levels of pro-inflammatory factors (\n                    <jats:italic>interleukin-1\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>tumor necrosis factor-\u03b1<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>interleukin-6<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>interferon-\u03b31<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) were significantly downregulated (\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0&amp;lt;\u00a00.05). Additionally, genes associated with the intestinal chemical barrier (\n                    <jats:italic>mucin-4<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>lysozyme-c<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>lysozyme-g<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>NK-lysin type 1<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>\u03b2-defensin<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) were significantly upregulated (\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0&amp;lt;\u00a00.05). Intestinal microbiota analysis revealed increased relative abundance of beneficial bacteria (e.g., Firmicutes, Bacilli, Erysipelotrichales, and\n                    <jats:italic>Turicibacter<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) in the BC group (\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0&amp;lt;\u00a00.05). Non-targeted metabolomics further indicated significantly elevated levels of beneficial metabolites, including soyasaponin I and taurine in the BC group (\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0&amp;lt;\u00a00.05). In summary, dietary\n                    <jats:italic>B. coagulans<\/jats:italic>\n                    improved feed utilization, enhanced intestinal digestive and antioxidant capacity, strengthened mucosal barrier functions, optimized intestinal metabolism, and promoted intestinal health.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1909579","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T05:18:07Z","timestamp":1788412687000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effects of Bacillus coagulans on growth performance and intestinal mucosal barrier functions of juvenile channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus)"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Huige","family":"Ren","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Aquatic Healthy Breeding and Nutrition Regulation of Guangxi Universities, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University","place":["Nanning, Guangxi, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zihe","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Aquatic Healthy Breeding and Nutrition Regulation of Guangxi Universities, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University","place":["Nanning, Guangxi, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiao","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Aquatic Healthy Breeding and Nutrition Regulation of Guangxi Universities, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University","place":["Nanning, Guangxi, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ye","family":"Qian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Aquatic Healthy Breeding and Nutrition Regulation of Guangxi Universities, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University","place":["Nanning, Guangxi, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chanxia","family":"Qin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Aquatic Healthy Breeding and Nutrition Regulation of Guangxi Universities, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University","place":["Nanning, Guangxi, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jingyi","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Aquatic Healthy Breeding and Nutrition Regulation of Guangxi Universities, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University","place":["Nanning, Guangxi, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chengrui","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Aquatic Healthy Breeding and Nutrition Regulation of Guangxi Universities, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi 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