{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,2]],"date-time":"2026-11-02T22:19:33Z","timestamp":1793657973312,"version":"4.5.1"},"reference-count":115,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787097600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Colitis-associated cancer (CAC) develops within chronically inflamed mucosa and differs from sporadic colorectal cancer in its field effects, multifocality, and sequence of molecular events. In addition to ongoing inflammation and mutation, experimental studies indicate that epithelial, immune, and stromal compartments can retain altered states after an initiating inflammatory stimulus has subsided. In this review, inflammatory memory is used operationally for a persistent molecular, cellular, tissue, or microbial state that changes the response to a later challenge. This definition distinguishes epithelial epigenetic memory from trained innate immunity, adaptive lymphocyte memory or exhaustion, and chronic signaling that depends on continued stimulation. We synthesize evidence for persistent chromatin accessibility, histone modification, DNA methylation, enhancer activity and three-dimensional organization, epithelial plasticity, immune\u2013stromal circuits, and microbiota-derived metabolites. These responses can support mucosal repair, but repeated activation within a genetically altered field may facilitate clonal expansion and tumor development. We also assess emerging methylation, circulating tumor DNA, stool DNA, single-cell, and spatial biomarkers and grade proposed interventions according to evidence from cell culture, organoids, animal models, human tissues, and clinical studies. Because chromatin- and microbiome-directed interventions remain largely preclinical, selective modulation of pathological persistence\u2014not complete \u201cmemory erasure\u201d\u2014is the appropriate translational objective.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1912351","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T05:46:47Z","timestamp":1787118407000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["IBD-related inflammatory memory and colorectal cancer: epigenetic mechanisms and microbiome interventions"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Guojun","family":"Gao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medical Technology, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine","place":["Xianyang, Shaanxi, China"]},{"name":"Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Air Force Medical University","place":["Xi\u2019an, Shaanxi, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medical Technology, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine","place":["Xianyang, Shaanxi, China"]},{"name":"Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Air Force Medical University","place":["Xi\u2019an, Shaanxi, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xingyu","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medical Technology, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine","place":["Xianyang, Shaanxi, China"]},{"name":"Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Air Force Medical University","place":["Xi\u2019an, Shaanxi, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuyue","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medical Technology, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine","place":["Xianyang, Shaanxi, China"]},{"name":"Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Air Force Medical University","place":["Xi\u2019an, Shaanxi, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lihua","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Air Force Medical University","place":["Xi\u2019an, Shaanxi, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21834","article-title":"Global cancer statistics 2022: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries","volume":"74","author":"Bray","year":"2024","journal-title":"CA Cancer J Clin"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2015.150","article-title":"The global burden of IBD: From 2015 to 2025","volume":"12","author":"Kaplan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/gastro\/goae053","article-title":"Global patterns in the epidemiology, cancer risk, and surgical implications of inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"12","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Gastroenterol Rep"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers15164154","article-title":"Inflammatory bowel disease and colorectal cancer: Epidemiology, etiology, surveillance, and management","volume":"15","author":"Sato","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cancers"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dld.2021.01.012","article-title":"From inflammation to colitis-associated colorectal cancer in inflammatory bowel disease: Pathogenesis and impact of current therapies","volume":"53","author":"Fantini","year":"2021","journal-title":"Dig Liver Dis"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjab102","article-title":"Inflammatory bowel disease-associated colorectal cancer: Translational risks from mechanisms to medicines","volume":"15","author":"Porter","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Crohn\u2019s Colitis"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers15030871","article-title":"Risk of cancer in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases and keys for patient management","volume":"15","author":"Laredo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cancers"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-025-02149-z","article-title":"The IL-22\u2013Oncostatin M axis promotes intestinal inflammation and tumorigenesis","volume":"26","author":"Cineus","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1352946","article-title":"Macrophage polarization: An important role in inflammatory diseases","volume":"15","author":"Luo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/med.21893","article-title":"Inflammatory bowel disease biomarkers","volume":"42","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Med Res Rev"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1159\/000527422","article-title":"New and emerging treatments for inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"104","author":"Higashiyama","year":"2023","journal-title":"Digestion"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2022.02.004","article-title":"Gut microbiota-derived bile acids in intestinal immunity, inflammation, and tumorigenesis","volume":"30","author":"Cai","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2021.10.035","article-title":"Colorectal cancer in inflammatory bowel disease: Mechanisms and management","volume":"162","author":"Shah","year":"2022","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-026-10258-4","article-title":"Epigenetic memory of colitis promotes tumour growth","volume":"652","author":"Nagaraja","year":"2026","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2023.1225616","article-title":"Colorectal cancer among inflammatory bowel disease patients: Risk factors and prevalence compared to the general population","volume":"10","author":"Abu-Freha","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Med"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2023-325668","article-title":"Inflammatory bowel disease: Recent developments","volume":"109","author":"Ashton","year":"2024","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2022.06.030","article-title":"Global hospitalization trends for Crohn\u2019s disease and ulcerative colitis in the 21st century: A systematic review with temporal analyses","volume":"21","author":"Buie","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jcag\/gwad006","article-title":"The 2023 impact of inflammatory bowel disease in Canada: Cancer and IBD","volume":"6","author":"Murthy","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Can Assoc Gastroenterol"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14309\/ajg.0000000000001941","article-title":"Inflammatory bowel disease-associated colorectal cancer epidemiology and outcomes: An English population-based study","volume":"117","author":"Birch","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/HEP.0000000000001692","article-title":"Understanding hepatopancreatobiliary cancer risks in a population-based primary sclerosing cholangitis\u2013inflammatory bowel disease cohort","author":"Leung","year":"2026","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gtc.2022.05.003","article-title":"Cancer in inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"51","author":"Faye","year":"2022","journal-title":"Gastroenterol Clin North Am"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v28.i30.4053","article-title":"Gut microbiota, inflammatory bowel disease and colorectal cancer","volume":"28","author":"Quaglio","year":"2022","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.1089600","article-title":"The role of Akkermansia muciniphila in inflammatory bowel disease: Current knowledge and perspectives","volume":"13","author":"Zheng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox12040901","article-title":"Oxidative stress, inflammation and colorectal cancer: An overview","volume":"12","author":"Bardelkov","year":"2023","journal-title":"Antioxidants"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cytogfr.2023.07.001","article-title":"Recent advances in the treatment of IBD: Targets, mechanisms and related therapies","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cytokine Growth Factor Rev"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1038\/s41389-023-00492-0","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms in colitis-associated colorectal cancer","volume":"12","author":"Zhou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Oncogenesis"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbcan.2019.05.009","article-title":"Bacterial biofilms as a potential contributor to mucinous colorectal cancer formation","volume":"1872","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta (BBA)  Rev Cancer"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers16172943","article-title":"Inflammatory bowel disease and colorectal cancer","volume":"16","author":"Fanizza","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cancers"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.06.035","article-title":"Advancing inflammatory bowel disease-driven colorectal cancer management: Molecular insights and endoscopic breakthroughs towards precision medicine","volume":"23","author":"Iacucci","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2023.0246","article-title":"Reactive oxygen species and ferroptosis at the nexus of inflammation and colon cancer","volume":"39","author":"Huang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Antioxid Redox Signaling"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-026-08028-x","article-title":"Methylation entropy as a novel dimension in liquid biopsy: Enhanced multimodal framework for cancer detection and tissue-of-origin classification","author":"Jia","year":"2026","journal-title":"J Transl Med"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1007\/s10142-023-01170-5","article-title":"Exploring the glycolytic cross-talk genes between inflammatory bowel disease and colorectal cancer","volume":"23","author":"Ye","year":"2023","journal-title":"Funct Integr Genomics"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12029-022-00816-0","article-title":"Risk of cancer in inflammatory bowel disease and pitfalls in oncologic therapy","volume":"54","author":"Peixoto","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Gastrointest Cancer"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10122427","article-title":"The Weissella genus: Clinically treatable bacteria with antimicrobial\/probiotic effects on inflammation and cancer","volume":"10","author":"Ahmed","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.964793","article-title":"New insights into natural products that target the gut microbiota: Effects on the prevention and treatment of colorectal cancer","volume":"13","author":"Lu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-021-07835-3","article-title":"Most colitis associated carcinomas lack expression of LGR5: A preliminary study with implications for unique pathways of carcinogenesis compared to sporadic colorectal carcinoma","volume":"21","author":"Iwaya","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Cancer"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yexmp.2024.104938","article-title":"Histomorphological scoring of murine colitis models: A practical guide for the evaluation of colitis and colitis-associated cancer","volume":"140","author":"Remke","year":"2024","journal-title":"Exp Mol Pathol"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2019.06.025","article-title":"Inflammation and cancer: Triggers, mechanisms, and consequences","volume":"51","author":"Greten","year":"2019","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10555-022-10028-4","article-title":"Inflammatory bowel disease and carcinogenesis","volume":"41","author":"Nagao-Kitamoto","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cancer Metastasis Rev"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjad010","article-title":"Systematic review with meta-analysis: The impact of cancer treatments on the disease activity of inflammatory bowel diseases","volume":"17","author":"Grimsdottir","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Crohn\u2019s Colitis"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.22636","article-title":"Ulcerative colitis-induced colorectal carcinoma: A deleterious concatenation","author":"Rivera","year":""},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2010.01.025","article-title":"Immunity, inflammation, and cancer","volume":"140","author":"Grivennikov","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.70439","article-title":"A population-based matched cohort study of extra-digestive cancer incidence and mortality in individuals with and without inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"63","author":"Murthy","year":"2026","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1802","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-15549-6","article-title":"Limiting oxidative DNA damage reduces microbe-induced colitis-associated colorectal cancer","volume":"11","author":"Irrazabal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13304-023-01660-y","article-title":"Characteristics and outcomes of rectal cancer in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: A single-center experience","volume":"76","author":"Emile","year":"2024","journal-title":"Updates Surg"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-023-03096-y","article-title":"Causal association between inflammatory bowel disease and 32 site-specific extracolonic cancers: A Mendelian randomization study","volume":"21","author":"Gao","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ibd\/izac087","article-title":"Genetic profiling of colorectal carcinomas of patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis and inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"28","author":"De Krijger","year":"2022","journal-title":"Inflammation Bowel Dis"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines13061395","article-title":"Malignancy and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD): Incidence and prevalence of Malignancy in correlation to IBD therapy and disease activity\u2014a retrospective cohort analysis over 5 years","volume":"13","author":"Kafel","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biom13111620","article-title":"Kinase signaling in colitis-associated colon cancer and inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"13","author":"Temby","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers15082389","article-title":"Inflammation-driven colorectal cancer associated with colitis: From pathogenesis to changing therapy","volume":"15","author":"Nardone","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cancers"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers17091396","article-title":"Risk factors for intestinal and extraintestinal cancers in inflammatory bowel disease: A retrospective single-center cohort study","volume":"17","author":"Rosania","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cancers"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.669747","article-title":"Inhibition of TLR4 signaling impedes tumor growth in colitis-associated colon cancer","volume":"12","author":"Pastille","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s43018-020-0078-7","article-title":"Amending microbiota by targeting intestinal inflammation with TNF blockade attenuates development of colorectal cancer","volume":"1","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Cancer"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20181939","article-title":"Editing of the gut microbiota reduces carcinogenesis in mouse models of colitis-associated colorectal cancer","volume":"216","author":"Zhu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7150\/ijms.38371","article-title":"Enterotoxigenic Bacteroides fragilis infection exacerbates tumorigenesis in AOM\/DSS mouse model","volume":"17","author":"Hwang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Med Sci"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5820","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-33331-8","article-title":"Interleukin-22 regulates neutrophil recruitment in ulcerative colitis and is associated with resistance to ustekinumab therapy","volume":"13","author":"Pavlidis","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14728222.2019.1677608","article-title":"Oncostatin M as a new diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic target in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)","volume":"23","author":"Verstockt","year":"2019","journal-title":"Expert Opin Ther Targets"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-03147-x","article-title":"A gene\u2013environment-induced epigenetic program initiates tumorigenesis","volume":"590","author":"Alonso-Curbelo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4265","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-026-70862-w","article-title":"AP-1 mediates cellular adaptation and memory formation","volume":"17","author":"Li","year":"2026","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2024-334165","article-title":"Single-cell omics in inflammatory bowel disease: Recent insights and future clinical applications","volume":"74","author":"Gudio","year":"2025","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.suc.2023.12.006","article-title":"Colorectal neoplasia in the setting of inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"104","author":"Walsh","year":"2024","journal-title":"Surg Clinics North America"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2024.1348216","article-title":"ERCC4: A potential regulatory factor in inflammatory bowel disease and inflammation-associated colorectal cancer","volume":"15","author":"Shi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20192195","article-title":"The role of IL-22 in intestinal health and disease","volume":"217","author":"Keir","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9102205","article-title":"Microbiota-dependent effects of IL-22","volume":"9","author":"Sabihi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1356075","article-title":"Comparative analysis of single-cell transcriptome reveals heterogeneity and commonality in the immune microenvironment of colorectal cancer and inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"15","author":"Lv","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prp.2025.156249","article-title":"From inflammation to carcinogenesis: Distinct pathways and clinical implications of IBD-associated colorectal cancer compared with sporadic CRC","volume":"275","author":"Kapadia","year":"2025","journal-title":"Pathol Res Pract"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2021.01.154","article-title":"Incidence and risk factors for neoplasia in inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"160","author":"Lemos Garcia","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40200-023-01343-w","article-title":"Novel genetic association between obesity, colorectal cancer, and inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"23","author":"Gholami","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Diabetes Metab Disord"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4251\/wjgo.v14.i3.547","article-title":"Inflammatory bowel disease-related colorectal cancer: Past, present and future perspectives","volume":"14","author":"Majumder","year":"2022","journal-title":"World J Gastrointest Oncol"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-021-00534-x","article-title":"The inflammatory pathogenesis of colorectal cancer","volume":"21","author":"Schmitt","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.5217\/ir.2023.00029","article-title":"Animal models of inflammatory bowel disease: Novel experiments for revealing pathogenesis of colitis, fibrosis, and colitis-associated colon cancer","volume":"21","author":"Lee","year":"2023","journal-title":"Intest Res"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/7742760","article-title":"Correlation of serum CA242, CA724, and TPA levels with clinicopathological features and prognosis in patients with inflammatory bowel disease complicated with rectal cancer","volume":"2022","author":"Liang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Oncol"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3892\/ol.2024.14390","article-title":"Advances in molecular mechanisms of inflammatory bowel disease-associated colorectal cancer (Review)","volume":"27","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Oncol Lett"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers15123130","article-title":"Inflammatory bowel disease treatment in cancer patients\u2014a comprehensive review","volume":"15","author":"Conceio","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cancers"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2023.111980","article-title":"Possible role of nutrition in the prevention of inflammatory bowel disease\u2013related colorectal cancer: A focus on human studies","volume":"110","author":"Cassotta","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-024-07840-z","article-title":"Short-term post-fast refeeding enhances intestinal stemness via polyamines","volume":"633","author":"Imada","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-023-00768-1","article-title":"IL-12 and IL-23 pathway inhibition in inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"20","author":"Verstockt","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1186\/s13059-024-03461-x","article-title":"Chromatin-based memory as a self-stabilizing influence on cell identity","volume":"25","author":"Bell","year":"2024","journal-title":"Genome Biol"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph182312836","article-title":"Intestinal barrier in human health and disease","volume":"18","author":"Di Tommaso","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2023.01.002","article-title":"The landscape of immune dysregulation in Crohn\u2019s disease revealed through single-cell transcriptomic profiling in the ileum and colon","volume":"56","author":"Kong","year":"2023","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2019-320105","article-title":"A purified membrane protein from Akkermansia muciniphila or the pasteurised bacterium blunts colitis associated tumourigenesis by modulation of CD8+ T cells in mice","volume":"69","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0043-1772787","article-title":"Current treatment strategies for inflammatory bowel disease patients at the risk of developing cancer: A comprehensive review","volume":"43","author":"Achutha","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Coloproctol"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpha.2024.101074","article-title":"Pharmacological modulation of mitochondrial function as novel strategies for treating intestinal inflammatory diseases and colorectal cancer","volume":"15","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Pharm Anal"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2019.103829","article-title":"Inhibitory effects of lactobacilli cocktail on HT-29 colon carcinoma cells growth and modulation of the Notch and Wnt\/\u03b2-catenin signaling pathways","volume":"139","author":"Ghanavati","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microb Pathogen"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers15020542","article-title":"Therapeutic management of adults with inflammatory bowel disease and Malignancies: A clinical challenge","volume":"15","author":"Ferretti","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cancers"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12062432","article-title":"The optimal management of inflammatory bowel disease in patients with cancer","volume":"12","author":"Wetwittayakhlang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4251\/wjgo.v17.i11.110486","article-title":"Management of peritoneal metastases from colorectal cancer and small bowel adenocarcinoma in patients with inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"17","author":"Paramythiotis","year":"2025","journal-title":"World J Gastrointest Oncol"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1338918","article-title":"Overcoming cancer risk in inflammatory bowel disease: New insights into preventive strategies and pathogenesis mechanisms including interactions of immune cells, cancer signaling pathways, and gut microbiota","volume":"14","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1366","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2021.07.013","article-title":"A bacterial bile acid metabolite modulates Treg activity through the nuclear hormone receptor NR4A1","volume":"29","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2047-9","article-title":"Global chemical effects of the microbiome include new bile-acid conjugations","volume":"579","author":"Quinn","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41420-021-00589-8","article-title":"Ursodeoxycholic acid suppresses the Malignant progression of colorectal cancer through TGR5-YAP axis","volume":"7","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Death Discov"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21037\/jgo-22-138","article-title":"Inflammatory bowel disease-associated Malignancies and considerations for radiation impacting bowel: A scoping review","volume":"13","author":"Bodofsky","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Gastrointest Oncol"},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers14122914","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of bevacizumab in cancer patients with inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"14","author":"Herrera-Gmez","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cancers"},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fgstr.2024.1386069","article-title":"The Reg protein family: Potential new targets for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease and colorectal cancer","volume":"3","author":"Yao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Gastroenterol"},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0272158","article-title":"Characteristics of colorectal cancer and use of colonoscopy before colorectal cancer diagnosis among individuals with inflammatory bowel disease: A population-based study","volume":"17","author":"Hansen","year":"2022","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-026-01197-6","article-title":"Pathophysiology of colitis-associated colorectal cancer","volume":"23","author":"Neufert","year":"2026","journal-title":"Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1700909114","article-title":"Epithelial EZH2 serves as an epigenetic determinant in experimental colitis by inhibiting TNF\u03b1-mediated inflammation and apoptosis","volume":"114","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-15-2379","article-title":"Prevention of colitis and colitis-associated colorectal cancer by a novel polypharmacological histone deacetylase inhibitor","volume":"22","author":"Wei","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res"},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-024-01801-y","article-title":"Non-stem cell lineages as an alternative origin of intestinal tumorigenesis in the context of inflammation","volume":"56","author":"Verhagen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7150\/jca.63578","article-title":"Akkermansia muciniphila administration exacerbated the development of colitis-associated colorectal cancer in mice","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Cancer"},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2018.11.034","article-title":"Validation of epigenetic markers to identify colitis-associated cancer: results of module 1 of the ENDCAP-C study","volume":"39","author":"Beggs","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ebiomedicine"},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2080-8","article-title":"Mutational signature in colorectal cancer caused by genotoxic pks+ E. coli","volume":"580","author":"Pleguezuelos-Manzano","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmgh.2026.101774","article-title":"Intestinal stem cells from patients with inflammatory bowel disease retain an epigenetic memory of inflammation","volume":"20","author":"Hamdan","year":"2026","journal-title":"Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1447","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2024.08.006","article-title":"Inflammation-induced epigenetic imprinting regulates intestinal stem cells","volume":"31","author":"Zhao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjz014","article-title":"IBD-associated colon cancers differ in DNA methylation and gene expression profiles compared with sporadic colon cancers","volume":"13","author":"Pekow","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Crohns Colitis"},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2503","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.03.025","article-title":"Genome-wide programmable transcriptional memory by CRISPR-based epigenome editing","volume":"184","author":"Nu\u00f1ez","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41551-019-0423-2","article-title":"Phage-guided modulation of the gut microbiota of mouse models of colorectal cancer augments their responses to chemotherapy","volume":"3","author":"Zheng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat BioMed Eng"},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-025-09008-9","article-title":"Engineered probiotic Saccharomyces boulardii reduces colitis-associated colorectal cancer burden in mice","volume":"70","author":"Culpepper","year":"2025","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1303795","article-title":"Akkermansia muciniphila\u2014friend or foe in colorectal cancer","volume":"14","author":"Gubernatorova","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjac187","article-title":"ECCO guidelines on inflammatory bowel disease and Malignancies","volume":"17","author":"Gordon","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Crohns Colitis"},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2024.03.032","article-title":"AGA clinical practice update on management of inflammatory bowel disease in patients with Malignancy: commentary","volume":"22","author":"Axelrad","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.08.063","article-title":"AGA clinical practice update on diagnosis and management of immune checkpoint inhibitor colitis and hepatitis: expert review","volume":"160","author":"Dougan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.19.01674","article-title":"Immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy in patients with preexisting inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"38","author":"Abu-Sbeih","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1904714116","article-title":"CRISPR-Cas9-mediated gene knockout in intestinal tumor organoids provides functional validation for colorectal cancer driver genes","volume":"116","author":"Takeda","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1161901","article-title":"The chromatin and single-cell transcriptional landscapes of CD4 T cells in inflammatory bowel disease link risk loci with a proinflammatory Th17 cell population","volume":"14","author":"Medina","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Immunol"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Immunology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1912351\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T05:46:49Z","timestamp":1787118409000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1912351\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]]},"references-count":115,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1912351"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1912351","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-3224"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-3224","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]]},"article-number":"1912351"}}