{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T06:12:18Z","timestamp":1788415938636,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788393600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Bats display diverse antiviral responses, but interferon-\u03b2 remains poorly characterized in many bat species. Here, we characterized interferon-\u03b2 from\n                      <jats:italic>Tadarida brasiliensis<\/jats:italic>\n                      (TBIFN-\u03b2) in Tb 1 Lu cells, focusing on its sequence features, promoter responsiveness, antiviral activity, and downstream signaling.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>TBIFN-\u03b2 was analyzed by comparative sequence analysis and homology modeling. TBIFNB promoter fragments were evaluated using dual-luciferase assays following batIRF1 expression or poly(I:C) treatment. Antiviral activity was assessed using VSV-GFP and VACV-GFP infection models, together with viral transcript quantification by RT-qPCR. Downstream signaling was examined through interferon-stimulated gene expression, Pyridone 6-mediated JAK inhibition, conditioned-medium stimulation, STAT1 phosphorylation, and exploratory RNA sequencing followed by GO\/KEGG enrichment analysis and RT-qPCR validation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>TBIFN-\u03b2 retained the principal predicted structural features of mammalian type I interferons. VSV-GFP and VACV-GFP infection induced distinct temporal changes in endogenous TBIFNB and interferon-stimulated gene expression. Both \u2212900\/0 and \u2212500\/0 TBIFNB promoter fragments responded to batIRF1 and poly(I:C). Transfection with the TBIFN-\u03b2 expression construct reduced VSV-GFP and VACV-GFP fluorescence and decreased VSV-NP and VACV-C23L transcript copy equivalents. TBIFN-\u03b2 induced context-dependent expression of PKR, OAS1, and Mx-1, with OAS1 showing the most consistent response. Pyridone 6 attenuated TBIFN-\u03b2-associated STAT1 and ISG responses and partially reduced its antiviral effects. Conditioned medium containing Flag-tagged TBIFN-\u03b2 induced Pyridone 6-sensitive STAT1 phosphorylation in recipient cells. Transcriptomic analysis further revealed coordinated interferon-associated and antiviral transcriptional responses following TBIFN-\u03b2 overexpression.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      These findings provide an integrated\n                      <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      characterization of TBIFN-\u03b2 promoter responsiveness, antiviral activity, and JAK-dependent transcriptional effects in Tb 1 Lu cells. The results establish a basis for further functional studies of\n                      <jats:italic>T. brasiliensis<\/jats:italic>\n                      interferon biology, while validation in primary bat cells and in vivo models remains necessary.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1915149","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T05:13:53Z","timestamp":1788412433000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["In vitro functional characterization of Tadarida brasiliensis interferon-\u03b2: promoter responsiveness, antiviral activity, and JAK-dependent transcriptional responses"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Xingyu","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong 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