{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T06:03:42Z","timestamp":1789625022627,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789603200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta (GSK-3\u03b2) inhibitors have received substantial attention for their therapeutic potential; however, their systemic safety profile remains incompletely characterized.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study characterized the research landscape and exploratory safety-reporting signals associated with agents with reported GSK-3\u03b2 activity by integrating bibliometric analysis, pharmacovigilance, and preliminary experimental assessment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A multi-layered framework included bibliometric analysis, disproportionality analyses of FAERS, JADER, and CVARD reports, and transcriptomic profiling. SH-SY5Y cells were treated with 9-ING-41 (1 \u03bcM, 24\u00a0h); cell viability, qRT-PCR, and DCFH-DA-based intracellular oxidative-stress measurements were assessed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Bibliometric analysis showed sustained growth in GSK-3\u03b2-related research. Pharmacovigilance identified neurological and hematologic disproportionality signals across 27 System Organ Classes. In SH-SY5Y cells, 9-ING-41 was associated with modest changes in neuronal-function, inflammatory-response, and GSK-3\u03b2\/Wnt-pathway transcripts, increased DCFH-DA fluorescence, and high cell viability. These cell-based observations are preliminary and do not establish clinical causality.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The literature-derived study-drug panel showed exploratory neurological and hematologic reporting signals. Cross-database recurrence can prioritize hypotheses, whereas pharmacological heterogeneity and the limitations of spontaneous reporting require cautious interpretation. The SH-SY5Y experiments provide preliminary biological plausibility only.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1915614","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T05:31:46Z","timestamp":1789623106000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Neurological and hematological safety profiles of GSK-3\u03b2 inhibitors: insights from multi-database pharmacovigilance and experimental validation"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Xinchi","family":"Luan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University","place":["Qingdao, Shandong, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bingcheng","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao 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