{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T12:24:50Z","timestamp":1787228690560,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":192,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787184000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, colorectal cancer, and gastric cancer arise in densely innervated tissues, yet neural regulation remains incompletely integrated into tumor immunology. This narrative review uses the term \u201centeric neuro-immune-tumor ecosystem\u201d for an operational framework comprising five anatomy-anchored evidence domains: local enteric nervous system remodeling, extrinsic autonomic and sensory regulation, perineural invasion-associated niches, glial-cell-mediated signaling, and microbiota-neuro-immune communication. Hepatocellular carcinoma and cholangiocarcinoma are treated as a labeled hepatobiliary extension. Evidence is described consistently as GI-direct evidence, GI-physiology evidence, or cross-tumor evidence and is interpreted separately from study maturity and translational status. Available studies indicate context-dependent associations or effects of sympathetic, parasympathetic, sensory, and glial signals on CD8+ T-cell function, myeloid-cell states, stromal organization, and cancer-cell state; the direction and magnitude vary with tumor type, disease stage, anatomical site, neural subtype, and receptor-bearing cell. Cancer-induced nerve injury is associated with IL-6- and type I interferon-related inflammation and dysfunctional antitumor immunity, whereas selected cholinergic and sympathetic circuits can restrain tumor growth in specific preclinical models. Candidate interventions, including \u03b2-adrenergic blockade, NGF\/Trk inhibition, denervation, and neurotoxin-based approaches, are supported mainly by preclinical studies or retrospective associations. Prospective tumor-specific evidence and validated selection biomarkers remain limited, and none of these interventions has an approved oncologic indication for neuro-immune modulation. A context- and evidence-matched approach may help define when neural targeting merits clinical testing and when it could disrupt protective neural functions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1916481","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T11:32:57Z","timestamp":1787225577000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Enteric neuro-immune-tumor ecosystem in pancreatic, colorectal, and gastric malignancies: context dependence and translational priorities"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Huizhong","family":"Jiang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing University of Chinese Medicine","place":["Beijing, China"]},{"name":"Guang\u2019anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zijin","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing University of Chinese Medicine","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinyu","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kai","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing University of Chinese Medicine","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tinglan","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing University of Chinese Medicine","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sirui","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing University of Chinese Medicine","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linjing","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Shao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing University of Chinese Medicine","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanju","family":"Bao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guang\u2019anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shasha","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dongfang Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yifei","family":"Yun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dongfang Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2025-335412","article-title":"Current and emerging concepts for systemic treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer","volume":"74","author":"Steup","year":"2025","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41568-025-00872-1","article-title":"The immune microenvironment of colorectal cancer","volume":"25","author":"Kennel","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cancer"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.70035","article-title":"Advances in pancreatic cancer early diagnosis, prevention, and treatment: The past, the present, and the future","volume":"76","author":"Mannucci","year":"2026","journal-title":"CA Cancer J Clin"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/2159-8290.CD-19-0644","article-title":"Single-cell RNA sequencing reveals stromal evolution into LRRC15+ myofibroblasts as a determinant of patient response to cancer immunotherapy","volume":"10","author":"Dominguez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancer Discov"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/2159-8290.CD-20-1484","article-title":"Identification of functional heterogeneity of carcinoma-associated fibroblasts with distinct IL6-mediated therapy resistance in pancreatic cancer","volume":"12","author":"McAndrews","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cancer Discov"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2022.11.016","article-title":"Hyaluronan driven by epithelial aPKC deficiency remodels the microenvironment and creates a vulnerability in mesenchymal colorectal cancer","volume":"41","author":"Martinez-Ordo\u00f1ez","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1267","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2022.06.027","article-title":"Dual stromal targeting sensitizes pancreatic adenocarcinoma for anti-programmed cell death protein 1 therapy","volume":"163","author":"Blair","year":"2022","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-025-09370-8","article-title":"Cancer-induced nerve injury promotes resistance to anti-PD-1 therapy","volume":"646","author":"Baruch","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-025-02380-2","article-title":"TGF-\u03b2 builds a dual immune barrier in colorectal cancer by impairing T cell recruitment and instructing immunosuppressive SPP1+ macrophages","volume":"57","author":"Henriques","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/2159-8290.CD-24-1712","article-title":"The immunomechanical checkpoint PYK2 governs monocyte-to-macrophage differentiation in pancreatic cancer","volume":"15","author":"Xie","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cancer Discov"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2381","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2025.10.015","article-title":"Extracellular vesicles from obese visceral adipose promote pancreatic cancer development and resistance to immune checkpoint blockade therapy","volume":"37","author":"Xue","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2024.02.046","article-title":"Targeting ESE3\/EHF with nifurtimox inhibits CXCR2+ neutrophil infiltration and overcomes pancreatic cancer resistance to chemotherapy and immunotherapy","volume":"167","author":"Xie","year":"2024","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2022-328845","article-title":"Targeting m6A reader YTHDF1 augments antitumour immunity and boosts anti-PD-1 efficacy in colorectal cancer","volume":"72","author":"Bao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-05254-3","article-title":"STING-induced regulatory B cells compromise NK function in cancer immunity","volume":"610","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2023.04.010","article-title":"Fusobacterium nucleatum-derived succinic acid induces tumor resistance to immunotherapy in colorectal cancer","volume":"31","author":"Jiang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2022.11.013","article-title":"Microenvironmental ammonia enhances T cell exhaustion in colorectal cancer","volume":"35","author":"Bell","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3760\/cma.j.cn441530-20220228-00068","article-title":"A new insights of mesorectum","volume":"25","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Zhonghua Wei Chang Wai Ke Za Zhi"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2020.06.016","article-title":"An oncogenic alteration creates a microenvironment that promotes tumor progression by conferring a metabolic advantage to regulatory T cells","volume":"53","author":"Kumagai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1999","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2024-332350","article-title":"MED12 loss activates endogenous retroelements to sensitise immunotherapy in pancreatic cancer","volume":"73","author":"Tang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41556-025-01753-3","article-title":"CD160 dictates anti-PD-1 immunotherapy resistance by regulating CD8+ T cell exhaustion in colorectal cancer","volume":"27","author":"Zheng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat Cell Biol"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1186\/s12943-025-02359-x","article-title":"Integrative multi-omics analysis reveals the LncRNA 60967.1-PLCD4-ATRA axis as a key regulator of colorectal cancer progression and immune response","volume":"24","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol Cancer"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-024-02813-1","article-title":"Combined anti-PD-1, HDAC inhibitor and anti-VEGF for MSS\/pMMR colorectal cancer: a randomized phase 2 trial","volume":"30","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s43018-021-00326-1","article-title":"Selective multi-kinase inhibition sensitizes mesenchymal pancreatic cancer to immune checkpoint blockade by remodeling the tumor microenvironment","volume":"3","author":"Falcomat\u00e0","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Cancer"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4753","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.07.020","article-title":"Targeting Pin1 renders pancreatic cancer eradicable by synergizing with immunochemotherapy","volume":"184","author":"Koikawa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biom13020276","article-title":"Oxaliplatin-induced damage to the gastric innervation: Role in nausea and vomiting","volume":"13","author":"Rahman","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1369\/0022155418774755","article-title":"Effects of oxaliplatin treatment on the myenteric plexus innervation and glia in the murine distal colon","volume":"66","author":"Stojanovska","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Histochem Cytochem"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbcan.2024.189160","article-title":"Schwann cells and enteric glial cells: Emerging stars in colorectal cancer","volume":"1879","author":"He","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers13010152","article-title":"The emerging role of nerves and glia in colorectal cancer","volume":"13","author":"Schonkeren","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbcan.2023.188884","article-title":"Vagus innervation in the gastrointestinal tumor: Current understanding and challenges","volume":"1878","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/dote\/doaa128","article-title":"Surgical anatomy of the upper esophagus related to robot-assisted cervical esophagectomy","volume":"34","author":"Wedel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Dis Esophagus"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3760\/cma.j.cn.441530-20210506-00190","article-title":"Pelvic membrane anatomy and surgery with network preservation of autonomic nervous system for rectal cancer","volume":"24","author":"Han","year":"2021","journal-title":"Zhonghua Wei Chang Wai Ke Za Zhi"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00464-018-6086-3","article-title":"A step towards stereotactic navigation during pelvic surgery: 3D nerve topography","volume":"32","author":"Wijsmuller","year":"2018","journal-title":"Surg Endosc"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19113357","article-title":"Distribution patterns of cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript- and\/or galanin-containing neurons and nerve fibers located in the human stomach wall affected by tumor","volume":"19","author":"Koz\u0142owska","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1158\/2159-8290.CD-23-0397","article-title":"Nerves at play: The peripheral nervous system in extracranial Malignancies","volume":"15","author":"Vermeer","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cancer Discov"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2025.08.015","article-title":"Novel approaches to clinical trial design in cancer neuroscience","volume":"113","author":"Jones","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41568-025-00831-w","article-title":"Neuro-immune cross-talk in cancer","volume":"25","author":"Amit","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cancer"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-20-2793","article-title":"Cancer-associated neurogenesis and nerve-cancer cross-talk","volume":"81","author":"Silverman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1209","DOI":"10.1007\/s12672-025-02827-2","article-title":"Tumor-infiltrating nerves: Unraveling the role of cancer neuroscience in tumorigenesis, disease progression, and emerging therapies","volume":"16","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Discov Oncol"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2025.07.017","article-title":"Entangled cellular and molecular relationships at the sensory neuron-cancer interface","volume":"113","author":"Sur","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1186\/s12943-025-02246-5","article-title":"Hijacking of the nervous system in cancer: Mechanism and therapeutic targets","volume":"24","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol Cancer"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trecan.2025.01.003","article-title":"Sensory neurotransmission and pain in solid tumor progression","volume":"11","author":"Martel Matos","year":"2025","journal-title":"Trends Cancer"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2025.116258","article-title":"Next-gen tools in cancer neuroscience","volume":"44","author":"Thiel","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trecan.2023.05.002","article-title":"Neuro-immune interactions and immuno-oncology","volume":"9","author":"Khanmammadova","year":"2023","journal-title":"Trends Cancer"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1739357","article-title":"From neuro-immune command circuits to microbiota-mediated regulation in the gastrointestinal tumor microenvironment","volume":"17","author":"Chen","year":"2026","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1682356","article-title":"Immuno-neural mechanisms in gastrointestinal tumorigenesis: Bridging inflammation, neural regulation, and therapeutic innovation","volume":"16","author":"Zhao","year":"2026","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1186\/s13045-025-01748-5","article-title":"The neuro-immune axis in cancer: From mechanisms to therapeutic opportunities","volume":"18","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Hematol Oncol"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2025.106239","article-title":"Neural control of immunotherapy: How tumor-innervation shapes anti-tumor immune responses","volume":"132","author":"Satilmis","year":"2026","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2024.107255","article-title":"The dual roles of serotonin in antitumor immunity","volume":"205","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pharmacol Res"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.55986","article-title":"Role of serotonin receptor signaling in cancer cells and anti-tumor immunity","volume":"11","author":"Karmakar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6754","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2025.09.029","article-title":"Cancer cells co-opt an inter-organ neuroimmune circuit to escape immune surveillance","volume":"188","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1186\/s12943-025-02412-9","article-title":"Integrating neuroscience and oncology: neuroimmune crosstalk in the initiation and progression of digestive system tumors","volume":"24","author":"Sun","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol Cancer"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41423-023-01054-5","article-title":"The role of cellular and molecular neuroimmune crosstalk in gut immunity","volume":"20","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Mol Immunol"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6079","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-50438-2","article-title":"IL-1R signaling drives enteric glia-macrophage interactions in colorectal cancer","volume":"15","author":"van Baarle","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2025.217748","article-title":"Tumor-associated Schwann cells as new therapeutic target in non-neurological cancers","volume":"624","author":"Huang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cancer Lett"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-18-3995","article-title":"Exosomal induction of tumor innervation","volume":"79","author":"Vermeer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1202","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.10.016","article-title":"Neurons release serine to support mRNA translation in pancreatic cancer","volume":"183","author":"Banh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-022-04799-5","article-title":"HGF\/c-Met pathway facilitates the perineural invasion of pancreatic cancer by activating the mTOR\/NGF axis","volume":"13","author":"Qin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/2159-8290.CD-24-0287","article-title":"Neuro-mesenchymal interaction mediated by a \u03b22-adrenergic nerve growth factor feedforward loop promotes colorectal cancer progression","volume":"15","author":"Kobayashi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cancer Discov"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2017.11.007","article-title":"\u03b22 adrenergic-neurotrophin feedforward loop promotes pancreatic cancer","volume":"33","author":"Renz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-024-01761-z","article-title":"Alpha5 nicotine acetylcholine receptor subunit promotes intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma metastasis","volume":"9","author":"Fu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Signal Transd Targ Ther"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41422-025-01098-4","article-title":"Nociceptor neurons promote PDAC progression and cancer pain by interaction with cancer-associated fibroblasts and suppression of natural killer cells","volume":"35","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell Res"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2019.04.010","article-title":"Signaling in the microenvironment of pancreatic cancer: transmitting along the nerve","volume":"200","author":"Jurcak","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-25-0149","article-title":"Comprehensive multiomics characterization of perineural invasion in cervical cancer reveals diagnostic markers, molecular drivers, and therapeutic strategies","volume":"86","author":"Wan","year":"2026","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-24-3173","article-title":"Cancer-associated fibroblasts foster a high-lactate microenvironment to drive perineural invasion in pancreatic cancer","volume":"85","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2025.217596","article-title":"Tumor-derived exosomal LINC01812 induces M2 macrophage polarization to promote perineural invasion in cholangiocarcinoma","volume":"617","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cancer Lett"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.adi0178","article-title":"Extracellular vesicle-packaged PIAT from cancer-associated fibroblasts drives neural remodeling by mediating m5C modification in pancreatic cancer mouse models","volume":"16","author":"Zheng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202508780","article-title":"Promoting nerve regeneration via injectable immune-engineered short-fibers for prevent postoperative pain","volume":"22","author":"Xie","year":"2026","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"838","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2019.05.065","article-title":"Axon guidance molecules promote perineural invasion and metastasis of orthotopic pancreatic tumors in mice","volume":"157","author":"Jurcak","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1674174","article-title":"Nerves, nodes, and neoplasia","volume":"16","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jare.2025.08.052","article-title":"Unraveling the nexus in the neuro-neoplastic progression of colorectal cancer: potential role of \u03b22-adrenergic receptor (\u03b22-AR)","volume":"83","author":"Varghese","year":"2026","journal-title":"J Adv Res"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2019.12.009","article-title":"Acetylcholine promotes the self-renewal and immune escape of CD133+ thyroid cancer cells through activation of CD133-Akt pathway","volume":"471","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancer Lett"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2024-011322","article-title":"\u03b2-blocker suppresses both tumoral sympathetic neurons and perivascular macrophages during oncolytic herpes virotherapy","volume":"13","author":"Kyritsi","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Immunother Cancer"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2503779122","article-title":"Unraveling the neuroimmune mechanisms in cancer-induced bone pain: new horizons for therapeutic intervention of the two-phase paradigm","volume":"122","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scisignal.ads7889","article-title":"Tumor-infiltrating nociceptor neurons promote immunosuppression","volume":"18","author":"Restaino","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci Signal"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2024.107242","article-title":"Discovery of a CCR2-targeting pepducin therapy for chronic pain","volume":"205","author":"Midavaine","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pharmacol Res"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbcan.2023.189007","article-title":"The association between the neuroendocrine system and the tumor immune microenvironment: emerging directions for cancer immunotherapy","volume":"1878","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2024.10.012","article-title":"Social isolation promotes tumor immune evasion via \u03b22-adrenergic receptor","volume":"123","author":"Zhao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-023-06568-6","article-title":"The \u03b21-adrenergic receptor links sympathetic nerves to T cell exhaustion","volume":"622","author":"Globig","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2025-011611","article-title":"ADRB2 inhibition suppresses cancer immune evasion by regulating tumor SOX10-PD-L1 axis and T cell function","volume":"13","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Immunother Cancer"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41388-021-02170-0","article-title":"Blockade of beta-adrenergic receptors reduces cancer growth and enhances the response to anti-CTLA4 therapy by modulating the tumor microenvironment","volume":"41","author":"Fj\u00e6stad","year":"2022","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10120-022-01297-7","article-title":"Ubiquitination of ADR\u03b11d\/SerpinA1 complex stimulates hypoxia to induce gastric tumorigenesis with a combination of Helicobacter pylori and chronic stress through IL-1\u03b1","volume":"25","author":"Aziz","year":"2022","journal-title":"Gastric Cancer"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1635331","article-title":"Impact of beta blockers on cancer neuroimmunology: a systematic review and meta-analysis of survival outcomes and immune modulation","volume":"16","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v31.i44.109440","article-title":"Neuroimmune interactions in inflammatory bowel disease: role of intestinal macrophages and the cholinergic pathway","volume":"31","author":"Zheng","year":"2025","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0000000000005206","article-title":"Activation of \u03b17 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors inhibits hepatic necroptosis and ameliorates acute liver injury in mice","volume":"141","author":"Xu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2017.11.002","article-title":"Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor \u03b17 subunit improves energy homeostasis and inhibits inflammation in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"79","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10753-019-01068-0","article-title":"Potential anti-inflammatory effect of escitalopram in iodoacetamide-induced colitis in depressed ovariectomized rats: role of \u03b17-nAChR","volume":"42","author":"Abdo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Inflammation"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1559966","article-title":"Acetylcholine from tuft cells promotes M2 macrophages polarization in Hirschsprung-associated enterocolitis","volume":"16","author":"Zheng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2020.1819155","article-title":"Gut microbial bile acid metabolite skews macrophage polarization and contributes to high-fat diet-induced colonic inflammation","volume":"12","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2018-317263","article-title":"Preoperative administration of the 5-HT4 receptor agonist prucalopride reduces intestinal inflammation and shortens postoperative ileus via cholinergic enteric neurons","volume":"68","author":"Stakenborg","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2025.117256","article-title":"The dual role of nicotine in the development and progression of hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"242","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biochem Pharmacol"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/CM9.0000000000003104","article-title":"Vagus nerve modulates acute-on-chronic liver failure progression via CXCL9","volume":"138","author":"Wu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chin Med J (Engl)"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20235917","article-title":"Electroacupuncture alleviates paclitaxel-induced peripheral neuropathic pain in rats via suppressing TLR4 signaling and TRPV1 upregulation in sensory neurons","volume":"20","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.ady5288","article-title":"Leukocyte-intrinsic ER stress responses contribute to chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy","volume":"17","author":"Fonseca","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ynpai.2025.100200","article-title":"Unveiling the peripheral nerve hallmarks of chemotherapy-induced neuropathy: insights from paclitaxel treatment in a murine model","volume":"18","author":"Maiar\u00f9","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neurobiol Pain"},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9061659","article-title":"The neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist aprepitant, a new drug for the treatment of hematological Malignancies: focus on acute myeloid leukemia","volume":"9","author":"Mu\u00f1oz","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2019.01618","article-title":"Endothelial transient receptor potential channels and vascular remodeling: extracellular Ca2 + entry for angiogenesis, arteriogenesis and vasculogenesis","volume":"10","author":"Negri","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2023.01.075","article-title":"Repeated activation of Trpv1-positive sensory neurons facilitates tumor growth associated with changes in tumor-infiltrating immune cells","volume":"648","author":"Tanaka","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2023.137416","article-title":"Mini-review: enteric glia of the tumor microenvironment: an affair of corruption","volume":"814","author":"Mariant","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2023.137395","article-title":"Mini-review: enteric glial cell reactions to inflammation and potential therapeutic implications for GI diseases, motility disorders, and abdominal pain","volume":"812","author":"Linan-Rico","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yexcr.2025.114733","article-title":"Neuro-immuno-stromal context in colorectal cancer: an enteric glial cell-driven prognostic model via machine learning predicts survival, recurrence, and therapy response","volume":"452","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Exp Cell Res"},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2019.09.045","article-title":"Tumor cells hijack enteric glia to activate colon cancer stem cells and stimulate tumorigenesis","volume":"49","author":"Val\u00e8s","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ebiomedicine"},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2025.217791","article-title":"Activated Schwann cells promote tumor growth in colon cancer","volume":"626","author":"He","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cancer Lett"},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/2159-8290.CD-21-1690","article-title":"Reprogrammed Schwann cells organize into dynamic tracks that promote pancreatic cancer invasion","volume":"12","author":"Deborde","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cancer Discov"},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adbi.202200033","article-title":"Schwann cells in peripheral cancers: Bystanders or promoters","volume":"6","author":"Yurteri","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv Biol (Weinh)"},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10456-022-09858-1","article-title":"Tissue-resident glial cells associate with tumoral vasculature and promote cancer progression","volume":"26","author":"Rocha","year":"2023","journal-title":"Angiogenesis"},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.3c03734","article-title":"Lychee pulp-derived dietary fiber-bound phenolic complex upregulates the SCFAs-GPRs-ENS pathway and aquaporins in loperamide-induced constipated mice by reshaping gut microbiome","volume":"71","author":"Dong","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Agric Food Chem"},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells12131672","article-title":"Butyrate protects myenteric neurons loss in mice following experimental ulcerative colitis","volume":"12","author":"Caetano","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15040930","article-title":"Neuroprotective effects of sodium butyrate by restoring gut microbiota and inhibiting TLR4 signaling in mice with MPTP-induced Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"15","author":"Guo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-021-01165-z","article-title":"Intestinal microbiota shapes gut physiology and regulates enteric neurons and glia","volume":"9","author":"Vicentini","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-025-03615-z","article-title":"Microbial production of short-chain fatty acids attenuates long-term neurologic impairment after traumatic brain injury","volume":"22","author":"Xiong","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Neuroinflamm"},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.02429","article-title":"Dietary SCFAs, IL-22, and GFAP: The three musketeers in the gut-neuro-immune network in type 1 diabetes","volume":"10","author":"Jayasimhan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2025.116434","article-title":"Identification of human gut bacteria that produce bioactive serotonin and promote colonic innervation","volume":"44","author":"Moretti","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2019.04.022","article-title":"Effects of serotonin and slow-release 5-hydroxytryptophan on gastrointestinal motility in a mouse model of depression","volume":"157","author":"Israelyan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1720017115","article-title":"Gut microbiota regulates maturation of the adult enteric nervous system via enteric serotonin networks","volume":"115","author":"De Vadder","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmgh.2021.05.008","article-title":"Serotonin as a mitogen in the gastrointestinal tract: Revisiting a familiar molecule in a new role","volume":"12","author":"Shah","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.17439","article-title":"Toll-like receptor 4 deficiency ameliorates experimental ileitis and enteric neuropathy: Involvement of nitrergic and 5-hydroxytryptaminergic neurotransmission","volume":"182","author":"Faggin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol"},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cytogfr.2025.04.001","article-title":"Decoding the neuroimmune axis in colorectal cancer: From neural circuitry to therapeutic innovation","volume":"83","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cytokine Growth Factor Rev"},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1007\/s11427-023-2376-0","article-title":"The crosstalk between enteric nervous system and immune system in intestinal development, homeostasis and diseases","volume":"67","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci China Life Sci"},{"key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micres.2024.127858","article-title":"Gut microbiota modulates neurotransmitter and gut-brain signaling","volume":"287","author":"Qu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Microbiol Res"},{"key":"B120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1038\/s41522-024-00556-y","article-title":"Diet-microbiome interactions promote enteric nervous system resilience following spinal cord injury","volume":"10","author":"Hamilton","year":"2024","journal-title":"NPJ Biofilms Microb"},{"key":"B121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms262110539","article-title":"Key signals produced by gut microbiota associated with metabolic syndrome, cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and brain functions","volume":"26","author":"Dicks","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.118736","article-title":"A key role of gut microbiota-vagus nerve\/spleen axis in sleep deprivation-mediated aggravation of systemic inflammation after LPS administration","volume":"265","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Life Sci"},{"key":"B123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2022.08.087","article-title":"Effects of spleen nerve denervation on depression-like phenotype, systemic inflammation, and abnormal composition of gut microbiota in mice after administration of lipopolysaccharide: A role of brain-spleen axis","volume":"317","author":"Ma","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"B124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2019.03.015","article-title":"Apical splenic nerve electrical stimulation discloses an anti-inflammatory pathway relying on adrenergic and nicotinic receptors in myeloid cells","volume":"80","author":"Guyot","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"},{"key":"B125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.02648","article-title":"Adenylyl cyclase 6 mediates inhibition of TNF in the inflammatory reflex","volume":"9","author":"Tarnawski","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2025.107816","article-title":"The gut-brain axis in the context of colorectal cancer","volume":"217","author":"Wu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Pharmacol Res"},{"key":"B127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1991","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-19-2689","article-title":"Perineural invasion reprograms the immune microenvironment through cholinergic signaling in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma","volume":"80","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"B128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1650117","article-title":"Perineural invasion and the \u201ccold\u201d tumor microenvironment in pancreatic cancer: Mechanisms of crosstalk and therapeutic opportunities","volume":"16","author":"Xu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11213340","article-title":"CXCR4-CXCL12-CXCR7 and PD-1\/PD-L1 in pancreatic cancer: CXCL12 predicts survival of radically resected patients","volume":"11","author":"D\u2019Alterio","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"B130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41416-024-02915-0","article-title":"Extracellular vesicles from pancreatic cancer and its tumour microenvironment promote increased Schwann cell migration","volume":"132","author":"Wong","year":"2025","journal-title":"Br J Cancer"},{"key":"B131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"886","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-019-2116-x","article-title":"Schwann cells support oncogenic potential of pancreatic cancer cells through TGF\u03b2 signaling","volume":"10","author":"Roger","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis"},{"key":"B132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41416-023-02539-w","article-title":"Tumour-associated macrophages and Schwann cells promote perineural invasion via paracrine loop in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma","volume":"130","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Br J Cancer"},{"key":"B133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2024.216689","article-title":"Schwann cells in pancreatic cancer: Unravelling their multifaceted roles in tumorigenesis and neural interactions","volume":"587","author":"Cai","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cancer Lett"},{"key":"B134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jare.2025.10.030","article-title":"KRAS\/ACTN4\/p65-NR2A axis mediates glutamine-glutamate metabolic coupling between schwann cells and pancreatic cancer promoting perineural invasion","volume":"85","author":"Tian","year":"2026","journal-title":"J Adv Res"},{"key":"B135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.4c05617","article-title":"Halting pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma progression and metastasis by neuron-inhibitory liposomes","volume":"25","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nano Lett"},{"key":"B136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1010428318799028","article-title":"Acetylcholine induces stem cell properties of gastric cancer cells of diffuse type","volume":"40","author":"Nguyen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Tumour Biol"},{"key":"B137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41416-025-03145-8","article-title":"Aberrant PJA2-CHRM3 signaling creates a therapeutic vulnerability in gastric tumor","volume":"133","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Br J Cancer"},{"key":"B138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines7030058","article-title":"Role of muscarinic acetylcholine signaling in gastrointestinal cancers","volume":"7","author":"Konishi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"B139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2021.102091","article-title":"Neural signaling modulates metabolism of gastric cancer","volume":"24","author":"Rabben","year":"2021","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"B140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7832","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-58440-w","article-title":"Vagus nerve signal has an inhibitory influence on the development of peritoneal metastasis in murine gastric cancer","volume":"14","author":"Futoh","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.966881","article-title":"CSE\/H2S ameliorates colitis in mice via protection of enteric glial cells and inhibition of the RhoA\/ROCK pathway","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41385-022-00563-2","article-title":"Enteric glial cells favor accumulation of anti-inflammatory macrophages during the resolution of muscularis inflammation","volume":"15","author":"Stakenborg","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol"},{"key":"B143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40719","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-24480-z","article-title":"Disease-specific alterations of the enteric nervous system in precancerous colonic mucosa and their implications for mucin regulation","volume":"15","author":"Imura","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"892","DOI":"10.1093\/jnen\/nlaf067","article-title":"Clinicopathological characterization of enteric glia in colorectal cancer: Insights from a population-based cohort","volume":"84","author":"Thijssen","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Neuropathol Exp Neurol"},{"key":"B145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-025-06104-2","article-title":"Increased nerve density adversely affects outcome in colorectal cancer and denervation suppresses tumor growth","volume":"23","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Transl Med"},{"key":"B146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers14194817","article-title":"Nerve density and neuronal biomarkers in cancer","volume":"14","author":"Ali","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)"},{"key":"B147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-physiol-022724-105016","article-title":"The physiology of enteric glia","volume":"87","author":"Gonzales","year":"2025","journal-title":"Annu Rev Physiol"},{"key":"B148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1408744","article-title":"From diversity to disease: Unravelling the role of enteric glial cells","volume":"15","author":"Santhosh","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/2159-8290.CD-18-0046","article-title":"Cholinergic signaling via muscarinic receptors directly and indirectly suppresses pancreatic tumorigenesis and cancer stemness","volume":"8","author":"Renz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cancer Discov"},{"key":"B150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms10517","article-title":"Neural innervation stimulates splenic TFF2 to arrest myeloid cell expansion and cancer","volume":"7","author":"Dubeykovskaya","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2021.685297","article-title":"Desensitization of capsaicin-sensitive afferents accelerates early tumor growth via increased vascular leakage in a murine model of triple negative breast cancer","volume":"11","author":"Bencze","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"key":"B152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.15381","article-title":"Ablation of sensory nerves favours melanoma progression","volume":"24","author":"Prazeres","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Cell Mol Med"},{"key":"B153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2022.120305","article-title":"Olvanil activates sensory nerve fibers, increases T cell response and decreases metastasis of breast carcinoma","volume":"291","author":"Erin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Life Sci"},{"key":"B154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1186\/s40478-021-01273-9","article-title":"Chemogenetic modulation of sensory neurons reveals their regulating role in melanoma progression","volume":"9","author":"Costa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol Commun"},{"key":"B155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1576","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2026.04.016","article-title":"A local sympathetic-immune axis inhibits melanoma growth in mice by dictating adrenergic control","volume":"114","author":"Liu","year":"2026","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"B156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2026.05.016","article-title":"Context dependency in cancer neuroscience","volume":"44","author":"Birbrair","year":"2026","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"B157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2025.116062","article-title":"Propranolol metabolite and enantiomers affect colorectal cancer development by inhibiting MAPK pathway and downregulating PD-1 expression","volume":"170","author":"Yi","year":"2026","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol"},{"key":"B158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2025.07.020","article-title":"Establishing hepatic decompensation as a meaningful clinical outcome during systemic therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"83","author":"Cabibbo","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"B159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2023.1128569","article-title":"Outcomes of beta blocker use in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors","volume":"13","author":"Wu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"key":"B160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers16244260","article-title":"Targeting perineural invasion in pancreatic cancer","volume":"16","author":"Garajov\u00e1","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)"},{"key":"B161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2024.1499414","article-title":"NGF-mediated crosstalk: unraveling the influence of metabolic deregulation on the interplay between neural and pancreatic cancer cells and its impact on patient outcomes","volume":"15","author":"Trentini","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"B162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.1c21997","article-title":"Nanoemulsion-assisted siRNA delivery to modulate the nervous tumor microenvironment in the treatment of pancreatic cancer","volume":"14","author":"Ding","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACS Appl Mater Interfaces"},{"key":"B163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5006","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-25333-9","article-title":"Adipose stem cell niche reprograms the colorectal cancer stem cell metastatic machinery","volume":"12","author":"Di Franco","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2025.218228","article-title":"Spatial organization of stromal subtypes stratifies colorectal cancer patients and predicts clinical outcomes","volume":"639","author":"Frank","year":"2026","journal-title":"Cancer Lett"},{"key":"B165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/papr.13143","article-title":"Systematic review and meta-analysis of celiac plexus neurolysis for abdominal pain associated with unresectable pancreatic cancer","volume":"22","author":"Okita","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pain Pract"},{"key":"B166","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21873\/anticanres.14133","article-title":"Pathogenesis and treatment of pancreatic cancer related pain","volume":"40","author":"Lohse","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anticancer Res"},{"key":"B167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000520456","article-title":"The effect of celiac neurolysis and splanchnicectomy on survival in unresectable pancreatic cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"39","author":"Ye","year":"2022","journal-title":"Dig Surg"},{"key":"B168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11938-018-0193-z","article-title":"Endoscopic ultrasound-guided management of pain in chronic pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer: an update","volume":"16","author":"Wyse","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr Treat Options Gastroenterol"},{"key":"B169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.12189","article-title":"Radiofrequency ablation of the splanchnic nerve and superior hypogastric plexus for chronic abdominal pain status post-abdominal surgery","volume":"12","author":"Noor","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"B170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.15019","article-title":"Subdiaphragmatic vagotomy promotes tumor growth and reduces survival via TNF\u03b1 in a murine pancreatic cancer model","volume":"8","author":"Partecke","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"B171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000487483","article-title":"Protective role of the hepatic vagus nerve against liver metastasis in mice","volume":"24","author":"Hiramoto","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuroimmunomodulation"},{"key":"B172","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/00031348211023446","article-title":"Use of botulinum toxin injections for the treatment of chronic anal fissure: results from an American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons survey","volume":"89","author":"Borsuk","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am Surg"},{"key":"B173","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1245\/s10434-016-5742-x","article-title":"Is chemical pyloroplasty necessary for minimally invasive esophagectomy","volume":"24","author":"Stewart","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann Surg Oncol"},{"key":"B174","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/lap.2015.0575","article-title":"Intraoperative endoscopic botox injection during total esophagectomy prevents the need for pyloromyotomy or dilatation","volume":"26","author":"Fuchs","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Laparoendosc Adv Surg Tech A"},{"key":"B175","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2016.02.031","article-title":"Morphine and ketamine inhibit immune function of gastric cancer patients by increasing percentage of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells in vitro","volume":"203","author":"Hou","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Surg Res"},{"key":"B176","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24233","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-75089-7","article-title":"Bidirectional effects of morphine on pancreatic cancer progression via the p38\/JNK pathway","volume":"14","author":"Ning","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B177","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/COC.0000000000000714","article-title":"Impact of pain, opioids, and the mu-opioid receptor on progression and survival in patients with newly diagnosed stage IV pancreatic cancer","volume":"43","author":"Steele","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"B178","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2024-009962","article-title":"Morphine treatment restricts response to immunotherapy in oral squamous cell carcinoma","volume":"12","author":"McIlvried","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Immunother Cancer"},{"key":"B179","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-025-02364-y","article-title":"Cancer neuroscience: signaling pathways and new therapeutic strategies for cancer","volume":"11","author":"Zhang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Signal Transd Targ Ther"},{"key":"B180","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-025-02241-8","article-title":"Neuro-immune crosstalk in cancer: mechanisms and therapeutic implications","volume":"10","author":"Pu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Signal Transd Targ Ther"},{"key":"B181","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1007\/s00262-018-2243-8","article-title":"\u03b2-adrenergic signaling blocks murine CD8+ T-cell metabolic reprogramming during activation: a mechanism for immunosuppression by adrenergic stress","volume":"68","author":"Qiao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cancer Immunol Immunother"},{"key":"B182","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2024.217090","article-title":"Binding of interleukin-1 receptor antagonist to cholinergic receptor muscarinic 4 promotes immunosuppression and neuroendocrine differentiation in prostate cancer","volume":"598","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cancer Lett"},{"key":"B183","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2024.217431","article-title":"Nervous system in colorectal cancer","volume":"611","author":"Xu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cancer Lett"},{"key":"B184","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2022.2102878","article-title":"Microbiota-derived metabolites as drivers of gut-brain communication","volume":"14","author":"Ahmed","year":"2022","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"B185","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10063","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-65048-9","article-title":"\u03b2-adrenergic signaling blockade attenuates metastasis through activation of cytotoxic CD4 T cells","volume":"16","author":"Fj\u00e6stad","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B186","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/2326-6066.CIR-18-0833","article-title":"Blockade of \u03b2-adrenergic receptors improves CD8+ T-cell priming and cancer vaccine efficacy","volume":"7","author":"Daher","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cancer Immunol Res"},{"key":"B187","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1007\/s12264-024-01238-7","article-title":"Crosstalk between the nervous system and colorectal cancer","volume":"41","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neurosci Bull"},{"key":"B188","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/0115680096317840240723071018","article-title":"Regulation and crosstalk of cells and factors in the pancreatic cancer microenvironment","volume":"25","author":"Xu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Curr Cancer Drug Targets"},{"key":"B189","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1038\/s41388-023-02909-x","article-title":"The nerve cells in gastrointestinal cancers: from molecular mechanisms to clinical intervention","volume":"43","author":"Lyu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"B190","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5483\/BMBRep.2024-0019","article-title":"The contribution of the nervous system in the cancer progression","volume":"57","author":"Park","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMB Rep"},{"key":"B191","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2023.02.002","article-title":"Cancer neuroscience: state of the field, emerging directions","volume":"186","author":"Winkler","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B192","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2025.03.004","article-title":"Conserved spatial subtypes and cellular neighborhoods of cancer-associated fibroblasts revealed by single-cell spatial multi-omics","volume":"43","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Immunology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1916481\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T11:33:00Z","timestamp":1787225580000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1916481\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]]},"references-count":192,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1916481"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1916481","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-3224"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-3224","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]]},"article-number":"1916481"}}