{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T06:18:00Z","timestamp":1787897880134,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787875200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000765","name":"University College London","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000765","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Human papillomavirus (HPV) drives both malignant and benign tumours. Current prophylactic vaccines are type-restricted, not optimised for T-cell induction, and lack therapeutic efficacy. Although T-cells are critical for both preventing and clearing HPV infection, experimentally validated HPV T-cell epitopes remain fragmented across the literature, limiting systematic evaluation of cellular immune targets.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We curated experimentally validated HPV T-cell epitopes from the Immune Epitope Database (IEDB). Epitopes were mapped across HPV proteins and genotypes, and analysed for response rate, sequence conservation across 454 representative HPV genomes, and HLA restriction patterns.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      485 unique experimentally validated HPV epitopes have been described (133 studies; 1,494 functional assays). Consistent with research focus and viral biology, E6 and E7 proteins account for &amp;gt;60% of known HPV epitopes despite accounting for ~10% of the viral proteome. High-risk HPV types, especially HPV16 and HPV18, were the most studied (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&amp;lt;.001) and were enriched for CD8\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      epitopes (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&amp;lt;.001). We identified major knowledge gaps, including: underrepresentation of structural proteins such as L2; limited epitope coverage for low-prevalence HPV genotypes; a bias towards common HLA alleles.\n                      <jats:italic>In silico<\/jats:italic>\n                      analysis indicated greater conservation of epitopes in L1\/L2 and across high-risk HPV types. Conserved, commonly detected, and HLA-promiscuous epitopes were highlighted and we provide panels of candidate epitopes for consideration in immune monitoring, broad-spectrum prophylactic vaccines, and high-risk targeted therapeutic vaccines.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study provides the first comprehensive atlas of experimentally validated HPV T-cell epitopes and ranked epitope candidates for translational application. We demonstrate that our understanding of HPV T-cell immunity is constrained by biases in antigen, genotype and HLA focus and by incomplete epitope mapping. Addressing these gaps will be essential for a comprehensive assessment of cellular immunity and for utilising T-cells in next-generation vaccines.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1917170","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T05:34:57Z","timestamp":1787895297000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Proteome-wide curation of experimentally validated HPV T-cell epitopes identifies key gaps in our understanding of cellular immunity to HPV and informs vaccine design"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Syandrez Prima","family":"Putra","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Infection Immunity and Transplantation, University College London","place":["London, United Kingdom"]},{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Andalas","place":["Padang, Indonesia"]},{"name":"Center for Infectious Disease Diagnostic and Research (PDRPI), Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Andalas","place":["Padang, Indonesia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Selin","family":"Cankat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Infection Immunity and Transplantation, University College London","place":["London, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leo","family":"Swadling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Infection Immunity and Transplantation, University College London","place":["London, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-025-06470-x","article-title":"Human papilloma virus (HPV) mediated cancers: an insightful update","volume":"23","author":"Baba","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Transl Med"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21660","article-title":"Global cancer statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries","volume":"71","author":"Sung","year":"2021","journal-title":"CA Cancer J Clin"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)01097-3","article-title":"Causal attribution of human papillomavirus genotypes to invasive cervical cancer worldwide: a systematic analysis of the global literature","volume":"404","author":"Wei","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2019.11.039","article-title":"Human papillomavirus vaccine against cervical cancer: opportunity and challenge","volume":"471","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancer Lett"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26178463","article-title":"Cervical cancer in the era of HPV: translating molecular mechanisms into preventive public health action","volume":"26","author":"Boldeanu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2020.106335","article-title":"National implementation of HPV vaccination programs in low-resource countries: lessons, challenges, and future prospects","volume":"144","author":"Tsu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Prev Med"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2024.07.001","article-title":"Meeting report: considerations for trial design and endpoints in licensing therapeutic HPV16\/18 vaccines to prevent cervical cancer","volume":"42","author":"Dull","year":"2024","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03862-z","article-title":"Functional HPV-specific PD-1+ stem-like CD8 T cells in head and neck cancer","volume":"597","author":"Eberhardt","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2023.106101","article-title":"Novel canonical and non-canonical viral antigens extend current targets for immunotherapy of HPV-driven cervical cancer","volume":"26","author":"Peng","year":"2023","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2014.00171","article-title":"T cell responses to viral infections: opportunities for peptide vaccination","volume":"5","author":"Huber","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/imcb.12650","article-title":"The crossroads: divergent roles of virus-specific CD4+ T lymphocytes in determining the outcome for human papillomavirus infection","volume":"101","author":"van Bockel","year":"2023","journal-title":"Immunol Cell Biol"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.2910570608","article-title":"Isolation and characterisation of tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes from cervical carcinoma","volume":"57","author":"Hilders","year":"1994","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/9781009049733.344","article-title":"Infiltration of cervical cancer tissue with human papillomavirus-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocytes","volume":"57","author":"Evans","year":"1997","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcp\/102.6.768","article-title":"Immunological events in regressing genital warts","volume":"102","author":"Coleman","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am J Clin Pathol"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ng0294-157","article-title":"HLA DR-DQ associations with cervical carcinoma show papillomavirus-type specificity","volume":"6","author":"Apple","year":"1994","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0215(19981005)78:2<166::AID-IJC8>3.0.CO;2-X","article-title":"HPV16 infection and progression of cervical intra-epithelial neoplasia: analysis of HLA polymorphism and HPV16 E6 sequence variants","volume":"78","author":"Bontkes","year":"1998","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(21)00028-0","article-title":"Genetic variation in cervical preinvasive and invasive disease: a genome-wide association study","volume":"22","author":"Bowden","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cix135","article-title":"Carcinogenicity of human papillomavirus (HPV) types in HIV-positive women: a meta-analysis from HPV infection to cervical cancer","volume":"64","author":"Clifford","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(20)30459-9","article-title":"Estimates of the global burden of cervical cancer associated with HIV","volume":"9","author":"Stelzle","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-024-01787-z","article-title":"Antibody-independent protection against heterologous SARS-CoV-2 challenge conferred by prior infection or vaccination","volume":"25","author":"Fumagalli","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-024-01903-7","article-title":"Vaccine-induced T cell responses control Orthoflavivirus challenge infection without neutralizing antibodies in humans","volume":"10","author":"Kalimuddin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat Microbiol"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24054371","article-title":"Can T cells abort SARS-CoV-2 and other viral infections","volume":"24","author":"Swadling","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-67017-8","article-title":"Pre-existing and early cellular immune factors correlate with functionally complete protection against primary controlled human SARS-CoV-2 infection","volume":"17","author":"Wagstaffe","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-04186-8","article-title":"Pre-existing polymerase-specific T cells expand in abortive seronegative SARS-CoV-2","volume":"601","author":"Swadling","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-026-01298-y","article-title":"Abortive infection: T cells as early, antibody-independent defenders","volume":"26","author":"Swadling","year":"2026","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abf4063","article-title":"Immunological memory to SARS-CoV-2 assessed for up to 8 months after infection","volume":"371","author":"Dan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2021.103259","article-title":"Time series analysis and mechanistic modelling of heterogeneity and sero-reversion in antibody responses to mild SARS-CoV-2 infection","volume":"65","author":"Manisty","year":"2021","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvr.2023.200258","article-title":"Human papillomavirus genomics: understanding carcinogenicity","volume":"15","author":"Nelson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Tumour Virus Res"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2019.07.033","article-title":"Highly conserved influenza T cell epitopes induce broadly protective immunity","volume":"37","author":"Eickhoff","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01768-06","article-title":"HLA class I binding promiscuity of the CD8 T-cell epitopes of human papillomavirus type 16 E6 protein","volume":"81","author":"Nakagawa","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkae1092","article-title":"The immune epitope database (IEDB): 2024 update","volume":"53","author":"Vita","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humimm.2019.08.004","article-title":"A survey of known immune epitopes in enterovirus strains associated with acute flaccid myelitis","volume":"80","author":"Grifoni","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hum Immunol"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmb.2024.168925","article-title":"PaVE 2.0: behind the scenes of the Papillomavirus Episteme","volume":"437","author":"Dommer","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Mol Biol"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkaa379","article-title":"NetMHCpan-4.1 and NetMHCIIpan-4.0: improved predictions of MHC antigen presentation by concurrent motif deconvolution and integration of MS MHC eluted ligand data","volume":"48","author":"Reynisson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jproteome.9b00874","article-title":"Improved prediction of MHC class II antigen presentation through integration and motif deconvolution of mass spectrometry MHC eluted ligand data","volume":"19","author":"Reynisson","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Proteome Res"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2172-9-1","article-title":"HLA class I supertypes: a revised and updated classification","volume":"9","author":"Sidney","year":"2008","journal-title":"BMC Immunol"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beha.2024.101559","article-title":"The most frequent HLA alleles around the world: a fundamental synopsis","volume":"37","author":"Sanchez-Mazas","year":"2024","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Haematol"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.00278","article-title":"The immune epitope database and analysis resource in epitope discovery and synthetic vaccine design","volume":"8","author":"Fleri","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.31557\/APJCP.2022.23.6.2009","article-title":"Human papillomavirus type 16 L2 gene sequence variation analysis in Indonesian cervical cancer specimens","volume":"23","author":"Putra","year":"2022","journal-title":"Asian Pac J Cancer Prev"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2021.05.010","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 human T cell epitopes: adaptive immune response against COVID-19","volume":"29","author":"Grifoni","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.909223","article-title":"Prophylactic and therapeutic HPV vaccines: current scenario and perspectives","volume":"12","author":"Mo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.82558-0","article-title":"Identification of HLA-DR1- and HLA-DR15-restricted human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV16) and HPV18 E6 epitopes recognised by CD4+ T cells from healthy young women","volume":"88","author":"Gallagher","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Gen Virol"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2023-006721","article-title":"Identification of HPV16 E1- and E2-specific T cells in the oropharyngeal cancer tumour microenvironment","volume":"11","author":"McInnis","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Immunother Cancer"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/hum.2018.091","article-title":"Isolation and characterisation of an HLA-DRB1*04-restricted HPV16-E7 T cell receptor for cancer immunotherapy","volume":"29","author":"Mercier-Letondal","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hum Gene Ther"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2022-005016","article-title":"Intradermal vaccination of HPV16 E6 synthetic peptides conjugated to an optimised Toll-like receptor 2 ligand shows safety and potent T cell immunogenicity in patients with HPV16-positive (pre-)malignant lesions","volume":"10","author":"Speetjens","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Immunother Cancer"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.158308","article-title":"Cross-reactivity of SARS-CoV-2- and influenza A-specific T cells in individuals exposed to SARS-CoV-2","volume":"7","author":"Chaisawangwong","year":"2022","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v13091786","article-title":"Quantifying T cell cross-reactivity: influenza and coronaviruses","volume":"13","author":"Gaevert","year":"2021","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2021.07.005","article-title":"CRISPR\/Cas9-based inactivation of human papillomavirus oncogenes E6 or E7 induces senescence in cervical cancer cells","volume":"562","author":"Inturi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1007\/s13353-024-00883-y","article-title":"HPV-driven oncogenesis: much more than the E6 and E7 oncoproteins","volume":"66","author":"Janiszewska","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Appl Genet"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13027-024-00581-8","article-title":"Emerging paradigms: unmasking the role of oxidative stress in HPV-induced carcinogenesis","volume":"19","author":"Letafati","year":"2024","journal-title":"Infect Agent Cancer"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.63.10.4417-4421.1989","article-title":"The E6 and E7 genes of human papillomavirus type 16 together are necessary and sufficient for transformation of primary human keratinocytes","volume":"63","author":"M\u00fcnger","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.104721","article-title":"Novel therapeutic strategies for targeting E6 and E7 oncoproteins in cervical cancer","volume":"211","author":"Ranasinghe","year":"2025","journal-title":"Crit Rev Oncol Hematol"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1038\/s41541-024-00894-0","article-title":"T-cell immunity induced and reshaped by an anti-HPV immuno-oncotherapeutic lentiviral vector","volume":"9","author":"Fert","year":"2024","journal-title":"NPJ Vaccines"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.29309","article-title":"mRNA-HPV vaccine encoding E6 and E7 improves therapeutic potential for HPV-mediated cancers via subcutaneous immunization","volume":"95","author":"Lee","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ctm2.70305","article-title":"Ad-E6\/7-HR vaccine improves the prophylactic and therapeutic efficacy in HPV-associated cancers","volume":"15","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clin Transl Med"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines12111239","article-title":"Enhanced broad-spectrum efficacy of an L2-based mRNA vaccine targeting HPV types 6, 11, 16, and 18 with cross-protection against multiple additional high-risk types","volume":"12","author":"Tsukamoto","year":"2024","journal-title":"Vaccines"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2013.04.017","article-title":"L2, the minor capsid protein of papillomavirus","volume":"445","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1008827","article-title":"Combined prophylactic and therapeutic immune responses against human papillomaviruses induced by a thioredoxin-based L2-E7 nanoparticle vaccine","volume":"16","author":"Zhao","year":"2020","journal-title":"PloS Pathog"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-025-02858-9","article-title":"Investigating the link between HPV genotypes and cervical abnormality incidence in women with HPV infections: insights from a leading referral centre","volume":"22","author":"Sadeghi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Virol J"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep34789","article-title":"Suppression of the CD8 T cell response by human papillomavirus type 16 E7 occurs in Langerhans cell-depleted mice","volume":"6","author":"Jemon","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/CMAR.S217264","article-title":"Infiltrating CD4 and CD8 lymphocytes in HPV-infected uterine cervical milieu","volume":"11","author":"Maskey","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cancer Manag Res"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofac046","article-title":"Persistence of high percentage of peripheral activated CD8+ T cells predicts cytologic HPV-related dysplasia in cART-treated, HIV-positive subjects","volume":"9","author":"Mondatore","year":"2022","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect Dis"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1010870","article-title":"Toward a pan-SARS-CoV-2 vaccine targeting conserved epitopes on spike and non-spike proteins for potent, broad and durable immune responses","volume":"19","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"PloS Pathog"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.1010790","article-title":"Next-generation L2-based HPV vaccines cross-protect against cutaneous papillomavirus infection and tumour development","volume":"13","author":"Ahmels","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18713","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-55014-z","article-title":"A multi-genotype therapeutic human papillomavirus vaccine elicits potent T cell responses to conserved regions of early proteins","volume":"9","author":"Hancock","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M110.126722","article-title":"A conserved E7-derived cytotoxic T lymphocyte epitope expressed on human papillomavirus 16-transformed HLA-A2+ epithelial cancers","volume":"285","author":"Riemer","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/9710376","article-title":"Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) system: genetics and association with bacterial and viral infections","volume":"2022","author":"Medhasi","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Immunol Res"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2016.08.010","article-title":"Present yourself! By MHC class I and MHC class II molecules","volume":"37","author":"Rock","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trends Immunol"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.28968","article-title":"Identification of promiscuous HPV16-derived T helper cell epitopes for therapeutic HPV vaccine design","volume":"136","author":"Grabowska","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0311351","article-title":"Designing and immunomolecular analysis of a new broad-spectrum multiepitope vaccine against divergent human papillomavirus types","volume":"19","author":"Ehsasatvatan","year":"2024","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.20892\/j.issn.2095-3941.2025.0370","article-title":"A therapeutic multi-epitope protein vaccine targeting HPV16 E6 and E7 elicits potent tumour regression and cytotoxic immune responses","volume":"22","author":"Zhu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cancer Biol Med"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261ra153","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3009185","article-title":"A human vaccine strategy based on chimpanzee adenoviral and MVA vectors that primes, boosts, and sustains functional HCV-specific T cell memory","volume":"6","author":"Swadling","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aaz7715","article-title":"MHC class II invariant chain-adjuvanted viral vectored vaccines enhance T cell responses in humans","volume":"12","author":"Esposito","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1038\/s41541-020-00240-0","article-title":"Optimising T cell (re)boosting strategies for adenoviral and modified vaccinia Ankara vaccine regimens in humans","volume":"5","author":"Capone","year":"2020","journal-title":"NPJ Vaccines"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.02152-25","article-title":"Displayed and encoded antigens on adenovirus vectors optimize humoral and cellular immune responses in rhesus macaques","volume":"100","author":"Li","year":"2026","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines8020184","article-title":"The design and development of a multi-HBV antigen encoded in chimpanzee adenoviral and modified vaccinia Ankara viral vectors: a novel therapeutic vaccine strategy against HBV","volume":"8","author":"Chinnakannan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vaccines"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Immunology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1917170\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T05:35:00Z","timestamp":1787895300000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1917170\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]]},"references-count":76,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1917170"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1917170","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-3224"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-3224","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]]},"article-number":"1917170"}}