{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T12:20:43Z","timestamp":1787746843709,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":109,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787702400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82203902"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82203902"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cutaneous wound healing is not only a spatially coordinated reparative process but also a temporally organised immune programme shaped by circadian rhythms. This Review summarises how the central clock, peripheral clocks and core clock genes regulate time-dependent processes during skin repair, including immune cell recruitment, activation, resolution of inflammation and tissue remodelling. We focus on circadian regulation of neutrophil trafficking and effector functions, together with macrophage temporal heterogeneity and state transitions during inflammatory resolution. We further discuss the potential contributions of dendritic cells, mast cells, innate lymphoid cells and T cells to the temporal regulation of wound immunity. Circadian disruption associated with diabetes, ageing, sleep disturbance, obesity and aberrant light exposure may desynchronise immune responses, thereby promoting persistent inflammation, increased oxidative stress, heightened protease activity and enhanced formation of neutrophil extracellular traps, ultimately contributing to the development and progression of chronic non-healing wounds. Finally, we discuss chronotherapeutic strategies that align wound interventions, metabolic regulation, light exposure, sleep and feeding time with endogenous circadian rhythms. Incorporating circadian timing into wound-healing research may help redefine the temporal heterogeneity of immune cells and open new avenues for circadian-guided precision therapy for refractory chronic wounds.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1917390","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T11:40:36Z","timestamp":1787744436000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Circadian immunoregulation in cutaneous wound healing: from immune cell temporal heterogeneity to chronotherapeutic strategies"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Ziyi","family":"Luo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University","place":["Zunyi, Guizhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junzhe","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University","place":["Zunyi, Guizhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shaoxiang","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University","place":["Zunyi, Guizhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuezhong","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University","place":["Zunyi, Guizhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiaqi","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University","place":["Zunyi, Guizhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jingbo","family":"Hou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University","place":["Zunyi, Guizhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Feiyang","family":"Linghu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University","place":["Zunyi, Guizhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chengliang","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University","place":["Zunyi, Guizhou, China"]},{"name":"Collaborative Innovation Center of Tissue Repair and Regenerative Medicine","place":["Zunyi, Guizhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shune","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University","place":["Zunyi, Guizhou, China"]},{"name":"Collaborative Innovation Center of Tissue Repair and Regenerative Medicine","place":["Zunyi, Guizhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00147.2022","article-title":"Neuroendocrine signaling in the skin with a special focus on the epidermal neuropeptides","volume":"323","author":"Slominski","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Cell Physiol"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.aaz9631","article-title":"Regulatory T cells in skin injury: At the crossroads of tolerance and tissue repair","volume":"5","author":"Boothby","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Immunol"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI124618","article-title":"Innate immune cell-epithelial crosstalk during wound repair","volume":"129","author":"Brazil","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00067.2017","article-title":"Wound healing: A cellular perspective","volume":"99","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2019","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2025.04.004","article-title":"Therapeutic potential of ginsenosides in circadian rhythm-based skin disorders","volume":"49","author":"Ha","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Ginseng Res"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms252010926","article-title":"The influence of circadian rhythms on DNA damage repair in skin photoaging","volume":"25","author":"Su","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)80566-8","article-title":"Molecular bases for circadian clocks","volume":"96","author":"Dunlap","year":"1999","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1186\/s13073-019-0704-0","article-title":"Genomics of circadian rhythms in health and disease","volume":"11","author":"Rijo-Ferreira","year":"2019","journal-title":"Genome Med"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.12-203554","article-title":"Advances in understanding the peripheral circadian clocks","volume":"26","author":"Richards","year":"2012","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2008.345","article-title":"Molecular clocks in mouse skin","volume":"129","author":"Tanioka","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1007\/s00011-026-02275-w","article-title":"The CLOCK-BMAL1 complex in circadian regulation: structure, mechanisms, and therapeutic targeting","volume":"75","author":"Kamel","year":"2026","journal-title":"Inflammation Res"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg.2016.150","article-title":"Transcriptional architecture of the mammalian circadian clock","volume":"18","author":"Takahashi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Rev Genet"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.202504876R","article-title":"Molecular clocks in translational roadmap for circadian-based therapeutics in lung diseases","volume":"40","author":"Panda","year":"2026","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8250","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-63778-4","article-title":"BMAL1-TRIM28 represses transposable elements independently of CLOCK in pluripotent cells","volume":"16","author":"Gallardo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(02)00825-5","article-title":"The orphan nuclear receptor REV-ERB\u03b1 controls circadian transcription within the positive limb of the mammalian circadian oscillator","volume":"110","author":"Preitner","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ng1738","article-title":"Rhythmic CLOCK-BMAL1 binding to multiple E-box motifs drives circadian Dbp transcription and chromatin transitions","volume":"38","author":"Ripperger","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nargab\/lqac097","article-title":"Inter-layer and inter-subject variability of diurnal gene expression in human skin","volume":"4","author":"Del Olmo","year":"2022","journal-title":"NAR Genom Bioinform"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1013162","article-title":"History-dependent switch-like differentiation of keratinocytes in response to skin barrier damage","volume":"21","author":"Dom\u00edguez-H\u00fcttinger","year":"2025","journal-title":"PloS Comput Biol"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jocd.14664","article-title":"Comparison of the efficacies of polycaprolactone filler and lidocaine-added filler on neocollagenesis in a rat model","volume":"21","author":"Sezer","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Cosmet Dermatol"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2025.116706","article-title":"Distinct precursor landscape of subcutaneous and visceral fat in development and aging","volume":"45","author":"Lin","year":"2026","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41421-025-00865-2","article-title":"Spatiotemporal dynamics of mammalian wound healing","volume":"12","author":"Agramunt","year":"2026","journal-title":"Cell Discov"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2024.11.013","article-title":"Spatiotemporal single-cell roadmap of human skin wound healing","volume":"32","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2516.2012.02889.x","article-title":"The clotting system - a major player in wound healing","volume":"18","author":"Monroe","year":"2012","journal-title":"Haemophilia"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-023-06725-x","article-title":"CD201+ fascia progenitors choreograph injury repair","volume":"623","author":"Correa-Gallegos","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.12972","article-title":"Fibroblasts as confederates of the immune system","volume":"302","author":"Correa-Gallegos","year":"2021","journal-title":"Immunol Rev"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12783","article-title":"Distinct fibroblast lineages determine dermal architecture in skin development and repair","volume":"504","author":"Driskell","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells13030232","article-title":"The opioid receptor influences circadian rhythms in human keratinocytes through the \u03b2-arrestin pathway","volume":"13","author":"Bigliardi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aal2774","article-title":"Circadian actin dynamics drive rhythmic fibroblast mobilization during wound healing","volume":"9","author":"Hoyle","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15252\/embr.202356870","article-title":"Circadian oscillation in primary cilium length by clock genes regulates fibroblast cell migration","volume":"24","author":"Nakazato","year":"2023","journal-title":"EMBO Rep"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2015.316","article-title":"Circadian gene clock regulates psoriasis-like skin inflammation in mice","volume":"135","author":"Ando","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1915773117","article-title":"Circadian control of interferon-sensitive gene expression in murine skin","volume":"117","author":"Greenberg","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jleuko\/qiad038","article-title":"The circadian neutrophil, inside-out","volume":"113","author":"Ovadia","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Leukoc Biol"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1248\/bpb.30.621","article-title":"Characterization of the molecular clock in mouse peritoneal macrophages","volume":"30","author":"Hayashi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biol Pharm Bull"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1915932117","article-title":"The clock gene Bmal1 inhibits macrophage motility, phagocytosis, and impairs defense against pneumonia","volume":"117","author":"Kitchen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2013.07.040","article-title":"Circadian regulation of allergic reactions by the mast cell clock in mice","volume":"133","author":"Nakamura","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1381612828666220328121211","article-title":"Nanomaterials-based drug delivery approaches for wound healing","volume":"28","author":"Girija","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr Pharm Des"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21621918261450363","DOI":"10.1177\/21621918261450363","article-title":"Temporal in vitro models of skin wound healing components: A cell-specific framework for acute and chronic repair mechanisms","author":"Kalshetti","year":"2026","journal-title":"Adv Wound Care"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3643","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-33728-7","article-title":"Pilose antler extract promotes angiogenesis and vascular maturation to accelerate wound healing","volume":"16","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1089\/wound.2022.0049","article-title":"Beyond the scar: A basic science review of wound remodelling","volume":"12","author":"Spielman","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv Wound Care"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2011.12.017","article-title":"The circadian clock controls toll-like receptor 9-mediated innate and adaptive immunity","volume":"36","author":"Silver","year":"2012","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI133934","article-title":"Circadian rhythm influences induction of trained immunity by BCG vaccination","volume":"130","author":"de Bree","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9051423","article-title":"Mechanotransduction in wound healing and fibrosis","volume":"9","author":"Kuehlmann","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1873-3468.14192","article-title":"The circadian clock and diseases of the skin","volume":"595","author":"Duan","year":"2021","journal-title":"FEBS Lett"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41385-019-0190-0","article-title":"Neutrophil recruitment and activation are differentially dependent on MyD88\/TRIF and MAVS signaling during RSV infection","volume":"12","author":"Kirsebom","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mco2.70770","article-title":"The role of neutrophils and NETosis in diseases: The implications for therapy","volume":"7","author":"Ma","year":"2026","journal-title":"MedComm"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-019-0141-8","article-title":"Heterogeneity of neutrophils","volume":"19","author":"Ng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2025.11.001","article-title":"The neutrophil collective","volume":"188","author":"Ballesteros","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-pathmechdis-051222-015009","article-title":"Neutrophils in physiology and pathology","volume":"19","author":"Aroca-Crevill\u00e9n","year":"2024","journal-title":"Annu Rev Pathol"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"984","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-021-04294-3","article-title":"The emerging roles of neutrophil extracellular traps in wound healing","volume":"12","author":"Zhu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-026-10107-0","article-title":"Macrophage efferocytosis promotes inflammation resolution and accelerates wound healing","volume":"9","author":"Gao","year":"2026","journal-title":"Commun Biol"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27104508","article-title":"Macrophages in intestinal wound healing: dichotomous effects and therapeutic opportunities","volume":"27","author":"Bungert","year":"2026","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a041216","article-title":"Role of macrophages in wound healing","volume":"14","author":"Willenborg","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1038\/s41536-021-00193-5","article-title":"3D in vitro M2 macrophage model to mimic modulation of tissue repair","volume":"6","author":"Sapudom","year":"2021","journal-title":"NPJ Regener Med"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3994","DOI":"10.1039\/d3tb00463e","article-title":"A spatiotemporal release hydrogel based on an M1-to-M2 immunoenvironment for wound management","volume":"11","author":"Xiao","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Mater Chem B"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00011-025-02155-9","article-title":"TREM2-driven peripheral macrophage regulation in inflammatory diseases: implications extending beyond neurological disorders","volume":"75","author":"Zhou","year":"2025","journal-title":"Inflammation Res"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00009.2025","article-title":"Roles of circadian clocks in macrophage metabolism: implications in inflammation and metabolism of lipids, glucose, and amino acids","volume":"328","author":"Dar","year":"2025","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.201700784R","article-title":"Shift work cycle-induced alterations of circadian rhythms potentiate the effects of high-fat diet on inflammation and metabolism","volume":"32","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.201601030R","article-title":"Myeloid Bmal1 deletion increases monocyte recruitment and worsens atherosclerosis","volume":"31","author":"Huo","year":"2017","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-022-00899-y","article-title":"Molecular regulations of circadian rhythm and implications for physiology and diseases","volume":"7","author":"Fagiani","year":"2022","journal-title":"Signal Transduct Target Ther"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1209965109","article-title":"Circadian clock protein cryptochrome regulates the expression of proinflammatory cytokines","volume":"109","author":"Narasimamurthy","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2025.114575","article-title":"IL-27 accelerates diabetic wound healing by modulating macrophage polarization","volume":"155","author":"Tao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trsl.2021.05.006","article-title":"Macrophage polarization and diabetic wound healing","volume":"236","author":"Louiselle","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transl Res"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/SMMD.20230036","article-title":"Immunomodulation of wound healing leading to efferocytosis","volume":"3","author":"Zhao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Smart Med"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11684-025-1190-y","article-title":"Immune cells in diabetic wound repair: the key to better wound management","volume":"19","author":"Ru","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Med"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1038\/35037021","article-title":"Signalling through the high-affinity IgE receptor Fc\u03f5RI","volume":"402","author":"urner","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/ped.2021.0055","article-title":"Diurnal variations in skin prick testing","volume":"34","author":"Ochfeld","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pediatr Allergy Immunol Pulmonol"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2018.07.017","article-title":"Innate lymphoid cells: 10 years on","volume":"174","author":"Vivier","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-020-0397-z","article-title":"Keeping time in group 3 innate lymphoid cells","volume":"20","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.aax1215","article-title":"A circadian clock is essential for homeostasis of group 3 innate lymphoid cells in the gut","volume":"4","author":"Teng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Immunol"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1579-3","article-title":"Light-entrained and brain-tuned circadian circuits regulate ILC3s and gut homeostasis","volume":"574","author":"Godinho-Silva","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.117.3.962","article-title":"Circadian rhythmic plaque-forming cell response of spleens from mice immunized with SRBC","volume":"117","author":"Fernandes","year":"1976","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1004030","article-title":"Circadian variation of the response of T cells to antigen","volume":"187","author":"Fortier","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2016.12.011","article-title":"Lymphocyte circadian clocks control lymph node trafficking and adaptive immune responses","volume":"46","author":"Druzd","year":"2017","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1186\/s40779-023-00484-6","article-title":"Regulatory T cells in skin regeneration and wound healing","volume":"10","author":"Knoedler","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mil Med Res"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202400004","article-title":"Circadian rhythm disruption exacerbates autoimmune uveitis: the essential role of PER1 in treg cell metabolic support for stability and function","volume":"12","author":"Zhu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv Sci"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1007\/s00281-021-00903-7","article-title":"Circadian rhythms in adaptive immunity and vaccination","volume":"44","author":"Cermakian","year":"2022","journal-title":"Semin Immunopathol"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2015.04.058","article-title":"The cell-intrinsic circadian clock is dispensable for lymphocyte differentiation and function","volume":"11","author":"Hemmers","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1905080116","article-title":"The circadian clock of CD8 T cells modulates their early response to vaccination and the rhythmicity of related signaling pathways","volume":"116","author":"Nobis","year":"2019","journal-title":"PNAS"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1697854","article-title":"Circadian clocks and adaptive immune function: from mechanisms to therapeutic applications","volume":"16","author":"Szredzka","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/clockssleep8020022","article-title":"The role of circadian rhythm dysregulation, abnormal sleep patterns, and sleep disorders on the development of diabetes","volume":"8","author":"Merie","year":"2026","journal-title":"Clocks Sleep"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/dmm.052749","article-title":"A temporal dialogue between the circadian clock and chronic inflammatory diseases","volume":"19","author":"Chen","year":"2026","journal-title":"Dis Model Mech"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2026.01.015","article-title":"Exercise timing and circadian regulation of metabolism in type 2 diabetes","author":"Schmidt Kj\u00f8lner Hansen","year":"2026","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/iwj.70972","article-title":"Diabetes and delayed wound healing: molecular mechanisms and dermatological interventions","volume":"23","author":"Jreije","year":"2026","journal-title":"Int Wound J"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.15254","article-title":"The global burden of diabetic wounds","volume":"176","author":"Schreml","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2024.112713","article-title":"Molecular immunological mechanisms of impaired wound healing in diabetic foot ulcers (DFU), current therapeutic strategies and future directions","volume":"139","author":"Mohsin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1753-0407.70205","article-title":"Insights into macrophage polarization and M1\/M2 balance in diabetic foot ulcers","volume":"18","author":"Zhang","year":"2026","journal-title":"J Diabetes"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1777437","article-title":"Chrono-immunotherapy\u2019s current and future optimization strategies: immunotherapy timing in line with the circadian rhythm brings longer survival benefits","volume":"17","author":"Liu","year":"2026","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1837812","article-title":"Impact of time-of-day on immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy in cancer patients: an up-to-date clinical review","volume":"17","author":"Bacalam","year":"2026","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-090122-050842","article-title":"Circadian rhythms in anticancer immunity: mechanisms and treatment opportunities","volume":"42","author":"Pick","year":"2024","journal-title":"Annu Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01616412.2017.1315864","article-title":"A review of sleep disorders and melatonin","volume":"39","author":"Xie","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurol Res"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tips.2018.07.003","article-title":"Training the circadian clock, clocking the drugs, and drugging the clock to prevent, manage, and treat chronic diseases","volume":"39","author":"Sulli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trends Pharmacol Sci"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2020.114254","article-title":"Therapeutics on the clock: circadian medicine in the treatment of chronic inflammatory diseases","volume":"182","author":"Jacob","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biochem Pharmacol"},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2017.07.022","article-title":"Time-restricted feeding shifts the skin circadian clock and alters UVB-induced DNA damage","volume":"20","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dme.13780","article-title":"Elevated obstructive sleep apnoea risk score is associated with poor healing of diabetic foot ulcers: a prospective cohort study","volume":"35","author":"Maltese","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diabetes Med"},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10112530","article-title":"Is there an association between sleep disorders and diabetic foot? a scoping review","volume":"10","author":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Torres","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/iwj.12782","article-title":"Differences in the daily activity of patients with diabetic foot ulcers compared to controls in their free-living environments","volume":"14","author":"Sheahan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int Wound J"},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/iwj.13725","article-title":"Association of time in range with postoperative wound healing in patients with diabetic foot ulcers","volume":"19","author":"Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int Wound J"},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/07420520903502234","article-title":"Long-term alteration of daily melatonin, 6-sulfatoxymelatonin, cortisol, and temperature profiles in burn patients: a preliminary report","volume":"27","author":"Pina","year":"2010","journal-title":"Chronobiol Int"},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jbcr\/iraf138","article-title":"Circadian rhythms and burn recovery: a scoping review of biological disruptions and clinical implications","volume":"47","author":"Nguyen","year":"2026","journal-title":"J Burn Care Res"},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/wound.2023.0124","article-title":"Sleep, fatigue, and inflammatory biomarkers in older adults with chronic venous leg ulcers receiving intensive outpatient wound care","volume":"13","author":"Winders","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv Wound Care (New Rochelle)"},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.12968\/jowc.2013.22.8.389","article-title":"Sleep disruption in patients with chronic leg ulcers","volume":"22","author":"Upton","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Wound Care"},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtv.2024.08.009","article-title":"Optimal nocturnal care for pressure injury prevention in the care environment: a scoping review","volume":"33","author":"Kunimitsu","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Tissue Viability"},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anai.2016.10.007","article-title":"Diurnal variations in subcutaneous allergen immunotherapy reactions","volume":"118","author":"Bavishi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol"},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)60132-4","article-title":"Efficacy of modified-release versus standard prednisone to reduce duration of morning stiffness of the joints in rheumatoid arthritis (CAPRA-1): a double-blind, randomised controlled trial","volume":"371","author":"Buttgereit","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/gels9090761","article-title":"Multifunctional drugs-loaded carbomol hydrogel promotes diabetic wound healing via antimicrobial and immunoregulation","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Gels"},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.087593","article-title":"Intradermal adipocytes mediate fibroblast recruitment during skin wound healing","volume":"140","author":"Schmidt","year":"2013","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2017.90","article-title":"Adapting to obesity with adipose tissue inflammation","volume":"13","author":"Reilly","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Rev Endocrinol"},{"key":"B108","article-title":"Chronodisruption, metabolic homeostasis, and the regulation of inflammation in adipose tissues","volume":"92","author":"Kolbe","year":"2019","journal-title":"Yale J Biol Med"},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2024.05.005","article-title":"The browning and mobilization of subcutaneous white adipose tissue supports efficient skin repair","volume":"36","author":"Cai","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Metab"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Immunology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1917390\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T11:40:38Z","timestamp":1787744438000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1917390\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]]},"references-count":109,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1917390"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1917390","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-3224"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-3224","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]]},"article-number":"1917390"}}