{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T05:08:01Z","timestamp":1789967281617,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789948800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001407","name":"Department of Biotechnology, Ministry of Science and Technology, India","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001407","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001409","name":"Department of Science and Technology, Ministry of Science and Technology, India","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EMR\/2016\/003554, BT\/PR24310\/NER\/95\/649\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EMR\/2016\/003554, BT\/PR24310\/NER\/95\/649\/2017"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001409","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Mitochondria are dynamic, semi-autonomous organelles that, in addition to their central role in ATP production, regulate calcium homeostasis, iron metabolism, apoptosis, and innate immune signalling. Although the mitochondrial genome encodes only 37 genes, mitochondrial architecture, bioenergetic function, and dynamics are governed predominantly by nuclear-encoded proteins, necessitating highly coordinated communication between mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and the nuclear genome. Disruption of this bidirectional mitochondrial\u2013nuclear crosstalk has been increasingly implicated in the pathogenesis of numerous diseases across species; however, the molecular mechanisms underlying this communication remain incompletely understood.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In the present study, we used\n                      <jats:italic>Anas platyrhynchos<\/jats:italic>\n                      as a model of duck pasteurellosis to investigate mitochondrial\u2013nuclear interactions in the regulation of innate immune responses during\n                      <jats:italic>Pasteurella multocida<\/jats:italic>\n                      infection. We characterized the mitochondrial (cytochrome\n                      <jats:italic>b<\/jats:italic>\n                      and cytochrome\n                      <jats:italic>c<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) and nuclear genes (NLRP3, IL-18, and STING) of duck, in silico molecular docking, PHYRE 2 for PDB structure prediction, pymol visualization, and experimental validation with differential mRNA expression profiling.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Result and discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Our findings demonstrate that the mitochondrially encoded proteins cytochrome b and cytochrome c functionally interact with the nuclear-encoded immune regulators NLRP3, IL-18, and STING through the NOD-like receptor signalling pathway, phagocytic pathways, and the cytosolic DNA-sensing pathway. Furthermore, molecular docking analyses identified putative interaction sites between IL-18 and\n                      <jats:italic>P. multocida<\/jats:italic>\n                      , providing additional support for the functional relevance of these immune pathways during bacterial infection. To our knowledge, this study provides the first evidence in an animal model that mitochondrial retrograde signalling influences the regulation of nuclear immune genes during bacterial infection. These findings reveal a previously unrecognized mechanism through which mitochondrial gene products modulate host innate immune responses, thereby advancing our understanding of mitochondrial\u2013nuclear communication in host\u2013pathogen interactions.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1918926","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T04:29:20Z","timestamp":1789964960000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Mitochondria affect antibacterial immunity in cross talk with innate immune response molecules coded by genes of nuclear origin"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Argha","family":"Chakraborty","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding","place":["Kolkata, West Bengal, India"]},{"name":"West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery 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