{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T10:10:07Z","timestamp":1789380607561,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":165,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789344000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Helicobacter pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                    (\n                    <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) is a major human pathogen that colonizes the gastric mucosa and is a principal etiological agent of gastritis, peptic ulcer disease, and gastric cancer. Although antibiotic-based eradication regimens are available, their cost and the poor prognosis of established gastric cancer make vaccination an economically attractive and potentially more durable alternative. This narrative review synthesizes the literature on\n                    <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                    pathogenesis, host protective immunity, and vaccine development, with particular attention to the human clinical trials reported since 1999 and with emphasis on preclinical work published since 2020. Rather than cataloguing candidate antigens, we organize the field into three interdependent tiers\u2014classical approaches, emerging technologies, and the enabling adjuvant and delivery platforms on which both depend\u2014and use this framework to examine why preclinical success has repeatedly failed to translate into clinical protection, and to identify the principal challenges now facing human\n                    <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                    vaccine development. We conclude that the principal bottleneck is no longer antigen discovery but antigen delivery and immune programming at the gastric mucosa.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1918975","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T09:56:05Z","timestamp":1789379765000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Helicobacter pylori vaccines: from bench to bedside\u2014progress, challenges, and future directions"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Shue","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ningxia Key Laboratory of Clinical and Pathogenic Microbiology, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University (The First Clinical Medical College of Ningxia Medical University)","place":["Yinchuan, China"]},{"name":"Basic Medical College, Ningxia Medical University","place":["Yinchuan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yong","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ningxia Key Laboratory of Craniocerebral Diseases, Ningxia Medical University","place":["Yinchuan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chunyan","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tumor Hospital, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University","place":["Yinchuan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Le","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ningxia Key Laboratory of Clinical and Pathogenic Microbiology, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University (The First Clinical Medical College of Ningxia Medical University)","place":["Yinchuan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2013.08.016","article-title":"Helicobacter pylori-induced gastric inflammation and gastric cancer","volume":"345","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cancer Lett"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc1006158","article-title":"Helicobacter pylori infection","volume":"363","author":"Vakil","year":"2010","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199110173251603","article-title":"Helicobacter pylori infection and the risk of gastric carcinoma","volume":"325","author":"Parsonnet","year":"1991","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2018.02.022","article-title":"Genetic populations and virulence factors of Helicobacter pylori","volume":"60","author":"Kabamba","year":"2018","journal-title":"Infect Genet Evol"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ctm2.70229","article-title":"Large\u2010scale cluster randomised trial reveals effectiveness of Helicobacter pylori eradication for gastric cancer prevention","volume":"15","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clin Transl Med"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.3345\/kjp.2014.57.2.67","article-title":"Antibiotics resistance of Helicobacter pylori and treatment modalities in children with H. pylori infection","volume":"57","author":"Seo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Korean J Pediatr"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14760584.2018.1526680","article-title":"How far are we from vaccination against Helicobacter pylori infection","volume":"17","author":"Stubljar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Expert Rev Vaccines"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/00365521.2015.1132338","article-title":"Diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori recurrence: relapse or reinfection? 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