{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T06:25:09Z","timestamp":1787034309443,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787011200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Despite sustained high measles-containing vaccine (MCV) coverage, maintaining population immunity after measles elimination remains challenging. This study aimed to characterize measles antibody persistence, identify immunity gaps, and evaluate factors associated with seronegativity in China.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A multicenter cross-sectional serological survey was conducted among 2,083 participants from Jiangsu Province and Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region during 2024\u20132025. Measles-specific IgG antibodies were measured using ELISA, with seropositivity defined as IgG \u2265200 mIU\/mL. Restricted cubic spline models were used to assess antibody kinetics after excluding individuals without documented vaccination, those sampled within one month after vaccination, and potential primary vaccine failures. Multivariable logistic regression and propensity score matching were performed to evaluate factors associated with seronegativity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Overall measles IgG seropositivity was 84.59% (95% CI: 82.98\u201386.08%), with a GMT of 482.48 mIU\/mL. Seropositivity varied significantly by region, ethnicity, age, and vaccination history. Antibody levels showed a non-linear decline with increasing time since vaccination, and each additional year since the last vaccination increased seronegativity risk (AOR\u00a0=\u00a01.11, 95% CI: 1.07\u20131.15). Children aged 8\u201317 months had the lowest seropositivity (28.13%), indicating a potential susceptibility window. Although migrants had higher seropositivity than permanent residents (93.04% vs. 83.90%), migration status was not independently associated with seronegativity after adjustment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>High MCV coverage does not necessarily ensure sustained population immunity in the post-elimination era. Waning humoral immunity, delayed vaccination, and heterogeneous vaccination histories contribute to residual susceptibility, highlighting the need for immunity-based surveillance and targeted interventions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1919103","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T05:36:28Z","timestamp":1787031388000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Waning of vaccine-induced measles antibodies and population immunity gaps in the post-elimination era: a multicenter seroepidemiological study in China"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Wen","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Jiangsu Province (Suqian) Hospital","place":["Suqian, Jiangsu, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhisheng","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ili Prefectural Center for Disease Control and Prevention","place":["Xinjiang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hanwen","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Biomedical Sciences, McGill University","place":["Montreal, QC, Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinting","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xuzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention","place":["Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuanyuan","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Expanded Program on Immunization, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention","place":["Nanjing, Jiangsu, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guzel","family":"Nurpulat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ili Prefectural Center for Disease Control and Prevention","place":["Xinjiang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiang","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Expanded Program on Immunization, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention","place":["Nanjing, Jiangsu, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(17)31463-0","article-title":"Measles","volume":"390","author":"Moss","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7345a4","article-title":"Progress toward measles elimination - 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