{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T05:20:30Z","timestamp":1787721630000,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787702400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy has shown limited efficacy against solid tumors due to antigen heterogeneity and scarcity of tumor-specific targets.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To address those challenges, we report a covalent CAR-T strategy that achieves programmable tumor recognition via oncolytic adenovirus-mediated (OAD) delivery of artificial antigens. An engineered OAD was designed to induce tumor-selective expression of a membrane-anchored SpyTag-containing artificial antigen on infected tumor cells. In parallel, we generated SpyCatcher CAR-T cells by replacing the conventional single-chain variable fragment (scFv) with SpyCatcher, which forms a spontaneous covalent bond with SpyTag and redirects CAR-T-cell activity toward virus-labeled tumor cells.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>In vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      , optimized SpyCatcher CAR-T cells mediated selective cytotoxicity against SpyTag-positive tumor cells, achieving &amp;gt;85% specific lysis at an effector-to-target ratio of 1:1, while sparing antigen-negative cells. The OAD efficiently induced tumor-selective expression of membrane-anchored SpyTag-fused antigens across multiple cell lines. Combined treatment with OAD and SpyCatcher CAR-T cells resulted in substantially greater antitumor activity than either monotherapy alone.\n                      <jats:italic>In vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                      , the combinatorial strategy significantly inhibited tumor growth and increased intratumor CD3\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      , CD8\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      T-cell infiltration in both immunodeficient and immunocompetent mouse models. Importantly, patient-derived prostate cancer organoids were effectively transduced by OAD and supported robust SpyCatcher CAR-T cell infiltration and cytotoxicity, demonstrating the translational potential of this approach.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study establishes a modular platform for solid tumor immunotherapy therapy by integrating covalent SpyCatcher CAR-T cells with SpyTag-delivering OAD. By decoupling tumor recognition from endogenous antigen expression, this approach provides a generalizable strategy to overcome antigen heterogeneity and scarcity of tumor-specific targets in solid tumors.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1919208","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T04:50:03Z","timestamp":1787719803000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A generalizable covalent car-t platform for solid tumors enabled by oncolytic adenovirus-delivered artificial antigens"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Linpei","family":"Guo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Gene and Immunotherapy, The Second Qilu Hospital of Shandong University","place":["Jinan, 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Urology, The Second Qilu Hospital of Shandong University","place":["Jinan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"GuoJing","family":"Pei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Gene and Immunotherapy, The Second Qilu Hospital of Shandong University","place":["Jinan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wen","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Sciences, The Second Qilu Hospital of Shandong University","place":["Jinan, China"]},{"name":"Multidisciplinary Innovation Center for Nephrology of the Second Qilu Hospital of Shandong University","place":["Jinan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fang","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gerontology, The Second Qilu Hospital of Shandong University","place":["Jinan, 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