{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T07:16:20Z","timestamp":1788419780763,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788393600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Antibody-based therapies have become a cornerstone of Ebola virus disease (EVD) treatment and prevention, particularly following the successful clinical development of monoclonal antibody therapeutics against Zaire ebolavirus. However, despite substantial advances, the global research landscape, collaboration patterns, and evolving thematic trends of Ebola antibody therapy have not been systematically characterized. The ongoing 2026 Bundibugyo ebolavirus outbreak, for which no licensed vaccines or therapeutics currently exist, further underscores the importance of understanding the development trajectory of this field.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Publications related to antibody therapy for EVD published between 1990 and 2026 were retrieved from the Web of Science Core Collection, PubMed, and Scopus databases. Following data integration, format conversion, and deduplication, a total of 1,350 unique publications were included. Bibliometric analyses were conducted using CiteSpace, VOSviewer, and Bibliometrix, complemented by Google Trends data to evaluate public interest and outbreak-related attention.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The field exhibited dynamic outbreak-driven growth, with major publication surges corresponding to the 2014\u20132016 West African Ebola epidemic and the period surrounding 2020. Although annual publication output declined after 2020, renewed public attention emerged during the 2026 Bundibugyo outbreak. The United States dominated both publication productivity and citation impact, followed by China, the United Kingdom, and Canada. Harvard University, the University of Texas System, and Scripps Research Institute were identified as leading institutions. Keyword co-occurrence and clustering analyses revealed five major thematic domains: fundamental virology and glycoprotein research, immunity and vaccination, infection and therapeutic development, cross-viral research involving COVID-19 and HIV, and clinically oriented studies focused on neutralizing antibodies, clinical trials, and convalescent plasma. Temporal analyses demonstrated a clear evolution from basic virology toward translational and clinical applications.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Ebola antibody therapy research has undergone substantial expansion over the past three decades, driven largely by major outbreak events and advances in antibody engineering technologies. The current Bundibugyo outbreak highlights persistent vulnerabilities in existing countermeasure strategies and emphasizes the urgent need for broadly protective pan-ebolavirus antibody therapeutics. These findings provide a comprehensive overview of the intellectual structure, global collaborations, research hotspots, and future directions of antibody-based interventions against Ebola virus disease.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1919677","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T06:42:52Z","timestamp":1788417772000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Mapping the research landscape of antibody therapy for Ebola virus disease: a bibliometric analysis"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Zengwei","family":"Kou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center of Translational Medicine, Shanghai Children\u2019s Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University","place":["Shanghai, China"]},{"name":"College of Basic Medicine and Forensic Medicine, Henan University of Science and Technology","place":["Luoyang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yunsheng","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer Center, Shenzhen Hospital (Futian) of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine","place":["Shenzhen, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wujie","family":"Qian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Basic Medicine and Forensic Medicine, Henan University of Science and Technology","place":["Luoyang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sihan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Basic Medicine and Forensic Medicine, Henan University of Science and Technology","place":["Luoyang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shulei","family":"Lou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Laboratory, Linyi People\u2019s Hospital","place":["Linyi, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Da","family":"Shao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center of Translational Medicine, Shanghai Children\u2019s Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University","place":["Shanghai, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-026-04510-7","article-title":"Clinical profile and genomic characterization of the 2026 Bundibugyo virus index case in Uganda","volume":"32","author":"Nsawotebba","year":"2026","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-026-01332-9","article-title":"Bundibugyo virus outbreak: when a concerning pathogen meets a humanitarian emergency","volume":"24","author":"Bhadelia","year":"2026","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s44298-026-00204-6","article-title":"Bundibugyo virus-perspectives for the current outbreak","volume":"4","author":"Hoenen","year":"2026","journal-title":"NPJ Viruses"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7522e1","article-title":"Modeled scenario projections for the Ebola disease outbreak caused by Bundibugyo virus, 2026","volume":"75","author":"Mooring","year":"2026","journal-title":"MMWR Morbidity Mortality Weekly Rep"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(77)92008-6","article-title":"After Marburg, Ebola","volume":"1","year":"1977","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature24490","article-title":"Structure and assembly of the Ebola virus nucleocapsid","volume":"551","author":"Wan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-020-0147-3","article-title":"Ebola virus disease","volume":"6","author":"Jacob","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.001998","article-title":"The Ebola virus - going beyond the bleeding edge","volume":"74","author":"Umar","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Med Microbiol"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1340","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-026-13587-x","article-title":"Clinical factors associated with mortality in ebola virus disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"26","author":"Kayembe","year":"2026","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apgeog.2017.10.003","article-title":"An exploration of the spatiotemporal and demographic patterns of Ebola virus disease epidemic in West Africa using open access data sources","volume":"90","author":"Suchar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl Geogr (Sevenoaks England)"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s1473-3099(17)30677-1","article-title":"Ebola virus disease: an update on post-exposure prophylaxis","volume":"18","author":"Fischer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medmal.2017.11.002","article-title":"Ebola virus disease: biological and diagnostic evolution from 2014 to 2017","volume":"48","author":"M\u00e9rens","year":"2018","journal-title":"Medecine Maladies Infectieuses"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics18040426","article-title":"Achievements and challenges in therapy and vaccines development of viral hemorrhagic fevers: an up-to-date review","volume":"18","author":"Lupascu","year":"2026","journal-title":"Pharmaceutics"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2026.128764","article-title":"Oral immunization with virus-like particles elicits Ebola virus-specific humoral and cellular immune responses in mice","volume":"87","author":"Lasala","year":"2026","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antib14010022","article-title":"Treatment of Ebola virus disease: from serotherapy to the use of monoclonal antibodies","volume":"14","author":"Shcherbakov","year":"2025","journal-title":"Antibodies (Basel Switzerland)"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2217\/imt-2017-0010","article-title":"The ongoing evolution of antibody-based treatments for Ebola virus infection","volume":"9","author":"Mendoza","year":"2017","journal-title":"Immunotherapy-Uk"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1914985117","article-title":"Development of an antibody cocktail for treatment of Sudan virus infection","volume":"117","author":"Herbert","year":"2020","journal-title":"PNAS"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s2666-5247(22)00123-9","article-title":"Effects of therapies for Ebola virus disease: a systematic review and network meta-analysis","volume":"3","author":"Gao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Microbe"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3824","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-59168-5","article-title":"Remdesivir, mAb114, REGN-EB3, and ZMapp partially rescue nonhuman primates infected with a low passage Kikwit variant of Ebola virus","volume":"16","author":"Prasad","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1772257","article-title":"Fc effector functions in RNA viral infections: mechanisms of antiviral immunity and implications for vaccine design","volume":"17","author":"Zhang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.01709-25","article-title":"Monoclonal IgM antibodies mediate potent complement neutralization by targeting cell-derived epitopes on enveloped viruses","volume":"17","author":"Kainulainen","year":"2026","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1038\/s44298-026-00192-7","article-title":"A broadly-neutralizing antibody against Orthoebolavirus glycoprotein that potentiates the breadth and neutralization of other antibodies","volume":"4","author":"Donnellan","year":"2026","journal-title":"NPJ Viruses"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1013878","article-title":"A highly potent and broadly accessible bispecific nanobody for the treatment of ebola virus infections","volume":"22","author":"Bu","year":"2026","journal-title":"PloS Pathog"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virs.2026.03.018","article-title":"Nanobody targeting glycan cap confers broad orthoebolavirus neutralization","volume":"41","author":"Zhang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Virologica Sin"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2026.2690841","article-title":"Knowledge mapping and research trends of chimeric antigen receptor T-cell immunotherapy in breast cancer: a bibliometric and visual analytics study","volume":"22","author":"Xu","year":"2026","journal-title":"Hum Vaccines Immunotherapeutics"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2026.104978","article-title":"A data-driven analysis of artificial intelligence applications in depression research: 2020-2025","volume":"120","author":"Shao","year":"2026","journal-title":"Asian J Psychiatry"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1798782","article-title":"Global trends and research hotspots in autoimmune encephalitis: insights from a bibliometric and visualized analysis: 1971-2025","volume":"17","author":"Liu","year":"2026","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1692556","article-title":"A bibliometric analysis of vaccine research on Chikungunya virus: contributors, trends, and emerging frontiers","volume":"16","author":"Shao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00210-026-05353-2","article-title":"From synapse to strategy: a bibliometric map of ionotropic glutamate receptors in depression","volume":"399","author":"Liu","year":"2026","journal-title":"Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Arch Pharmacol"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2016.10.020","article-title":"The health impact of the 2014-15 Ebola outbreak","volume":"143","author":"Elston","year":"2017","journal-title":"Public Health"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aogh.2016.07.004","article-title":"Knowledge, attitude, and practice of use of safety precautions among health care workers in a Nigerian tertiary hospital, 1 year after the Ebola virus disease epidemic","volume":"82","author":"Adebimpe","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann Global Health"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13777","article-title":"Reversion of advanced Ebola virus disease in nonhuman primates with ZMapp","volume":"514","author":"Qiu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1200409109","article-title":"Postexposure antibody prophylaxis protects nonhuman primates from filovirus disease","volume":"109","author":"Dye","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138ra81","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3003876","article-title":"Successful treatment of ebola virus-infected cynomolgus macaques with monoclonal antibodies","volume":"4","author":"Qiu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1604330","article-title":"A randomized, controlled trial of ZMapp for Ebola virus infection","volume":"375","author":"Davey","year":"2016","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/nejmoa1910993","article-title":"A randomized, controlled trial of Ebola virus disease therapeutics","volume":"381","author":"Mulangu","year":"2019","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2023.1083429","article-title":"Ebanga: The most recent FDA-approved drug for treating Ebola","volume":"14","author":"Taki","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2529436123","article-title":"Cryo-EM structures of M\u011bngl\u00e0 virus GP reveal combined Ebola- and Marburg-like epitope masking strategies for antibody evasion","volume":"123","author":"Wang","year":"2026","journal-title":"PNAS"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2026.2668755","article-title":"Engineered bispecific antibodies achieve broad and potent protection against multiple ebolavirus species","volume":"15","author":"Zhou","year":"2026","journal-title":"Emerging Microbes Infections"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2021.03.009","article-title":"A Fc engineering approach to define functional humoral correlates of immunity against Ebola virus","volume":"54","author":"Gunn","year":"2021","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2016.04.026","article-title":"Antibody treatment of Ebola and Sudan virus infection via a uniquely exposed epitope within the glycoprotein receptor-binding site","volume":"15","author":"Howell","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jir295","article-title":"Impact of Ebola mucin-like domain on antiglycoprotein antibody responses induced by Ebola virus-like particles","author":"Martinez","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-024-06556-0","article-title":"Antibodies targeting the glycan cap of Ebola virus glycoprotein are potent inducers of the complement system","volume":"7","author":"Ilinykh","year":"2024","journal-title":"Commun Biol"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1802","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2018.07.035","article-title":"Antibody-dependent enhancement of Ebola virus infection by human antibodies isolated from survivors","volume":"24","author":"Kuzmina","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1805770","article-title":"Engineering antibody-armed oncolytic viruses: design strategies, synergistic mechanisms, and clinical translation","volume":"17","author":"Kang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2018.12.013","article-title":"It takes a matured mAb to treat Ebolavirus infection","volume":"25","author":"Patel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2023.101339","article-title":"A review of broadly protective monoclonal antibodies to treat Ebola virus disease","volume":"61","author":"Rijal","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr Opin Virol"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiz657","article-title":"Antibody-dependent natural killer cell activation after Ebola vaccination","volume":"223","author":"Wagstaffe","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.721328","article-title":"Review: Insights on current FDA-approved monoclonal antibodies against Ebola virus infection","volume":"12","author":"Tshiani Mbaya","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s1473-3099(20)30282-6","article-title":"Recent successes in therapeutics for Ebola virus disease: no time for complacency","volume":"20","author":"Iversen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(26)01141-4","article-title":"Ebola outbreak caused by Bundibugyo virus: challenges and priorities for epidemic preparedness and response","volume":"407","author":"Nachega","year":"2026","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2316960121","article-title":"Design of universal Ebola virus vaccine candidates via immunofocusing","volume":"121","author":"Xu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2018.12.004","article-title":"Development of a human antibody cocktail that deploys multiple functions to confer pan-ebolavirus protection","volume":"25","author":"Wec","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2018.12.005","article-title":"A two-antibody pan-ebolavirus cocktail confers broad therapeutic protection in ferrets and nonhuman primates","volume":"25","author":"Bornholdt","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Immunology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1919677\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T06:42:54Z","timestamp":1788417774000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1919677\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]]},"references-count":54,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1919677"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1919677","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-3224"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-3224","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]]},"article-number":"1919677"}}