{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T05:54:49Z","timestamp":1790747689667,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790726400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DA051893, DA058536, and MH134402"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DA051893, DA058536, and MH134402"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The gastrointestinal tract is an important site of HIV persistence and contains susceptible target cells, including macrophages. Crosstalk between intestinal epithelial cells and macrophages may contribute to mucosal innate defense.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>NCM460 human intestinal epithelial cells were transfected with poly(dA). Expression and production of interferons, interferon-stimulated genes, and CC chemokines were assessed by quantitative RT-PCR, western blotting, and ELISA. Primary human macrophages were treated with conditioned supernatants from NCM460 cells, and HIV infection was assessed using cytopathic effects, luciferase activity, and HIV Gag RNA expression.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Poly(dA) induced IFN-\u03b2, IFN-\u03bb1, IFN-\u03bb2\/3, ISG15, viperin, OAS1, RANTES, and MIP-1\u03b1 in NCM460 cells. Supernatants from poly(dA)-stimulated NCM460 cells induced GBP5, viperin, and MX2 in primary macrophages and significantly inhibited HIV infection.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Activation of cytosolic DNA sensing in intestinal epithelial cells induces soluble antiviral factors that enhance innate antiviral responses in macrophages and may contribute to mucosal defense against HIV.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1919977","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T04:56:12Z","timestamp":1790744172000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Activation of cytosolic DNA sensing in NCM460 intestinal epithelial cells induces antiviral factors that restrict HIV infection in 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